At the arrest stage you have the right to know why you were arrested, usually police provides a warrant immediately or within 48 hours. You have a right to contact your lawyer or a lawyer will be provided by the state if you can’t afford one. You have the right to be bailed out. It is a usual process when you are arrested, you or your representative (friends, relatives, lawyer) can put in a sum of money and be released if you promise to appear before court at a certain hearing. If you do so, the court will refund the money. But if you violate the terms of bail, the court won’t refund your money and you will most probably loose the right to be bailed out. During the arrangement stage you have the right not to plea guilty or not guilty, but to reply as “no contest”. At any moment after the arrangement phase you have the right to plea bargain, taking a part of guilt and accepting the charges for a lesser punishment, in many types of cases (like insurance claims) it is usually the final stage of the court hearings.

You are also protected by the constitution from unreasonable intrusion into your home, business, and property. The police also have no rights to search you on the street without a special permission. You also have the right not to make any statements during the first stages of the criminal case, because some things that you say might be used against you in court.

After the sentencing you have a right to appeal if, you consider that the decision was unlawful. Your lawyer can pass an appeal to a higher court and it will review the work of a lower court for possible mistakes. If they agree with the decision of the lower court, the appeal can be passed to Supreme Court for another review. You also have a right not to receive cruel and unusual punishment. And remember the most important thing, that the main right you have during any criminal case is a right to be treated as a human being.

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Many nations are guilty of crimes against children, but there are nations where these abuses are committed with such frequency that the rest of the world cannot help but take notice. In Sudan, for example, thousands of children have been left orphaned and homeless by civil war. Many of these children have escaped to refugee camps, but they are often refused access because of overcrowding. Without any sort of sanctuary, the children are forcibly conscripted into armed militias. Thousands of these children died in civil conflicts, and many more received devastating injuries, injuries for which they received no care. Under the U.N. Convention on the Rights of a Child, children injured or dislocated in times of war must be cared for to the fullest capability of their nation, and no child shall be forced to fight with or enlist in the armed forces. The Convention also states that the exploitation, abduction, kidnapping, and trafficking of children will be interrupted using all available means.

Under the convention, all children have the right to live, so governments should take reasonable means to foster the health and well-being of the children within their nation. The convention also allows families the right to retain authority over the child, unless they can be proven negligent or unfit. The use of corporal punishment in households is often considered unlawful in many of the nations covered under the convention, but whether or not it is prosecutable depends largely on the degree of corporal punishment. In Singapore, children are caned for being disobedient or breaking the law. Caning is an extremely violent form of corporal punishment that can cause permanent scarring and death. In the United States, this form of corporal punishment is unlawful and is considered assault.

According to the convention, not only is the health and welfare of the child to be taken into consideration, but there is also a financial component. The parents of a child or children will honor their familial obligations, including facilitating the care and feeding of the child. Also, each child has the right to an education in accordance with the standards of his/her nation. Children also have the right to social security and health care assistance from their government.

What makes the welfare of children so important is that the world’s children represent a wealth of potential. To allow for a better tomorrow, nations of the world must promote the health and welfare of their children. Vital in protecting these rights is the role that family law attorneys can provide in all manner of cases that involve the rights of children.

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The United Nations alongside its member states recognises children as those who fall under the age of eighteen. (UNICEF, 2006)Therefore laws protecting children’s rights will apply to the above mentioned groups. The extent to which children have rights in abortion laws and provision will be examined under to main perspectives. The first perspective is with regard to the rights of the unborn child and the second is in relation to parental involvement during abortions for under-eighteens. The laws will be compared to abortion laws in other countries and also the effect of the European Union will be included.

How rights of the unborn child are protected through abortion laws

The UK is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Children’s rights held in the month of December in the year 1991. The Convention acts as a basis for protection of children’s rights in all member states. (Every Child Matters, 2008)

The convention provides that all children have the right to life. This brings up a vital question; can a foetus be considered as a child? The United Kingdom recognises viable foetuses as those ones who have exceeded twenty four weeks. (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2004) This is why the Abortion Act of 1967 allows abortions before a pregnancy has reached that stipulated time. In relation to this, the UK only allows abortion in cases where the unborn child will affect his mother’s health both physically and mentally. By providing such a restriction, the unborn child’s right to life is protected because mothers may not terminate their pregnancies for minor reasons. This ensures that unborn children’s rights are protected in the most viable way possible.

The Abortion Act of 1967 also provides that abortions should only be carried out after obtaining consent from two medical practitioners. (Abortion right, 2007) The purpose of this stipulation is to further ascertain that abortions are only carried out in extreme conditions and that a child’s best interests are protected even before they are born. However, certain human rights groups like the Society for the protection of the unborn child claims that these laws are not doing enough to protect the unborn child. They argue that all abortions should be made illegal through repealing of the abortion acts relevant to women in the UK today. (Arthur, 2007)

Experts agree that the United Kingdom’s abortion laws are quite severe to women but protect unborn children through its restrictions. In comparison to other countries in that area, unborn children take precedence over women. In countries like Turkey, Austria, France and Norway, abortions are allowed on request by women. This is something that does not occur in the UK. In the former mentioned countries, unborn children are not considered as a priority. The State does have the right to protect children and this can be extended to unborn ones especially those ones in later stages of pregnancy.

Parental involvement for under-eighteens

Current UK laws have guidelines that provide that pregnant girls under the age of eighteen can conduct abortions on their own without parental involvement. (Kerrilie, 2007) Doctors are also obliged to maintain those girls’ privacy and confidentiality. However, according to the UN Convention of Children’s rights, Governments are expected respect children’s rights to a nationality, name and even family ties. Additionally, the Convention states that;

‘Governments should respect the rights and responsibilities of families to direct and guide their children so that as they grow, they learn to use those rights properly.’  (UNICEF, 2006)

One can argue that current guidelines on parental involvement in abortions performed for under-eighteens in the United Kingdom do not apply this principle. They do not respect children’s rights to family ties. This argument was seen in a case brought forward by a fifty one year old Sue Axon against the UK government. (BBC, 2005) She believed that girls should not be allowed confidentiality by the State when seeking termination because it was undermining family life and family ties. During examination, the prosecutor claimed that parents should be given the mandate to advise their children about their health and lives. She asserted that abortion guidelines currently encourage a culture of mistrust and secrecy between children and their parents. This prosecutor’s arguments were quite relevant to her life because she had been a victim to an abortion herself and that she had been living with the negative effects of the act all her life. She also added that she was not against children’s right to terminate pregnancies, but she was advocating for parental involvement so as to strengthen family ties. (BBC, 2005)

In light of her arguments, one can conclude that the UK has not adhered to its obligations as stipulated in the UN Convention which require that all signatories should protect children’s rights to family ties. This argument is supported further by laws passed in other countries of the world. The US has strict laws about parental consent in abortion cases. More than half of the States in the US require that parents be involved in children’s abortion cases. On the other hand, other States require that parents be given a notice and then a waiting period in order for abortions to be carried on people under the age of eighteen. (Jones et al, 2005) The United States has continued to take the issue of children’s rights seriously by introducing the ‘Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act’. This law requires that parent need to comply with parental consent laws within their State and those who assist children to enter other States that do not impose parental consent laws in order to perform abortions will be liable to punishment as befits federal criminals. (Guttmacher Institute, 2008)The passage of such laws indicates that the United States values family ties and children’s rights to these ties. This is something that has not been covered in current abortion laws within the UK. The UK should follow examples set by other developed countries like the US.

However, the flipside to this argument can be seen in subsequent articles found within the UN Convention on Children’s rights.

‘Children have the right to say what they think should happen, when adults are making decisions that affect them, and to have their opinions taken into account…’

‘Children have a right to privacy. The law should protect them from attacks against their way of life, their good name, their families and their homes.’ (UNICEF, 2006)

The first phrase allows children to participate in decisions that affect them. The UK government has complied with this requirement through its abortion laws. (Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria, 1998) This is because it allows children to seek for abortions independently. The second phrase requires parents and states to respect children’s right to privacy which is something that they have complied with in their abortion laws since doctors are obliged to protect their privacy. (Eastwood et al, 2006)

Conclusion

In the field of abortion laws, the UK government partly protects children’s rights and also disregards them in other instances.  It protects unborn children’s right to life by restricting legal abortions. In addition, it also protects children’s right to privacy and freedom to express themselves through its privacy laws during abortions. (Every Child Matters, 2008) However, it does not protect children’s rights regarding parental responsibilities and family ties since minors may seek for terminations without parental involvement. (Wood et al, 2005)

Reference:

Abortion right (2007): History of Abortion law in the UK; retrieved from http://www.abortionrights.org.uk accessed on 28th April 2008

Arthur, J (2007): Repeal all Abortion laws; report for Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada, 27th October 2007

BBC (2005): Abortion law breeds ‘family lies’; retrieved from; http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk accessed on 28th April 2008

Every Child Matters (2008): UN Convention on the rights of the Child: UK report; retrieved from http://www.everychildmatters.gov.k/resources-and-practice/IG00249 accessed on 28th April 2008

Eastwood, K. et al. (2006); Abortion training in United Kingdom obstetrics and gynaecology residency programs, Obstet Gynecol Journal; 2006; 108(2): 303-308

Foster A. et al (2006); Abortion education in nurse practitioner, physician assistant and certified nurse-midwifery programs: a national survey, Contraception Journal, 73,2, 408-414

Guttmacher Institute (2008); Facts on Induced Abortion in the United States, New York, NY; Guttmacher Institute Journal

Guttmacher Institute (2008); Counselling and Waiting Periods for Abortion, State Policies in Brief; New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute, retrieved from http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_MWPA.pd accessed on 28th April, 2008

Jones R. et al (2005); Abortion in the United States: Incidence and Access to Services, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health Journal; 40, 1, 6-16

Kerrilie, R. (2007); Women’s Health Victoria Regulation of abortion Services, retrieved form http://www.whv.org.au accessed on 28th April

Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria (1998); Report on Late Term Terminations of Pregnancy (1998)

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2004); The care of women requesting induced abortion, London, United Kingdom Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Journal

UNICEF (2006): Children’s rights; retrieved from http://www.unicef.orguk/tz/resources/assets/pdf/rights_leaflet.pd. Accessed on 28th April 2008Wood, M. et al (2005); National Clinic Violence Survey, Arlington, VA: Feminist Majority Foundation Journal

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These victims have typically been believed to only be impoverished humans. While this may be common in there are far too many other humans to consider enslaved, to start stereotyping who a victim is. The reality is that as long as there is profit to be made, most humans can be potential victims. In the battle against human trafficking, the U.S. has been instrumental in passing specific acts, applying to national and international countries to help put a stop to it. No longer is anyone exempt from refusing action. This is a world issue, so the world will resolve it.

Polaris Project is an organization designed to fight human trafficking and modern day slavery. Polaris has chosen Swift transportation to be involved in the ongoing battle by educating their employees on the issue of trafficking with awareness activities, such as Training, Technical Assistance, and Strategic Planning Program. This program was designed to help identify, assist, and report victims of trafficking of modern day slavery in the U.S. Which follows Polaris’s main goal of reducing human trafficking.

The main benefit of this proposal is to reduce human trafficking and protect human rights. Additional benefits include Swift transportation receiving notoriety for their involvement in the prevention of trafficking.

Polaris would greatly appreciate a meeting with Swift Transportation executives, to discuss the arrangement of seminars by January 15th, 2010. Additional topics of discussion would be, to begin training, create incentives, and workshops.

Most people perceive slavery as a part of the past. Something that ended years ago, but human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery and it occurs in many countries around the world today including the U.S. It includes sexual exploitation and forced labor. In fact, according to the Campaign to Rescue and Restore Victims of Human Trafficking it is the second largest criminal industry in the world. Human trafficking is currently tied with arms dealing and second to drug dealing. Even though the Trafficking Victims Protections Act of 2000 has made it a federal crime in the U.S. over 1,200 alleged trafficking incidents were recorded between January 2007 and September 2008 (Jerusalem par. 1). Trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world and more people need to be aware so it can be stopped.

Today human trafficking is defined as being the “modern day slavery” (Polaris Project par. 4). We also find that today, it has become the fastest growing criminal industry in the world. This industry now generates billions of dollars a year for traffickers profiting from literally millions of victims around the world. Money flow in this world-wide industry is typically found in the recruitment, harboring, and transportation of the exploited victims (Polaris Project par. 7).

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In this part two, we continue the comments, In the speech, He says:  

In organizing this Forum, the objective of the OIC has been to give opportunity to all stakeholders from inter-governmental organizations, UN specialized agencies, government representatives and civil society institutions to make their own assessment on the implementation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and submit appropriate solutions to address the new challenges that we face in promotion of human rights and cultural diversity.

[ I say: structure, function, who’s behind it, who enforces the solutions for human right illegal practices locally and internationally? How religions perceive Human Rights and what is common to among these religion I wished to read more on these concepts. I think the speaker too, have something in mind about them in the general paradigm for solution..]

He says: 

The OIC sees the Universal Declaration more than a treaty. It is a powerful statement of common standards and shared values; an extension of the UN Charter; the basis for the International Bill of Human Rights; and part of the international customary law. It is remarkable that the Declaration generates political consensus, despite the ideological, religious, intellectual and the cultural diversity of the international community. It can thus be safely called the collective expression of human conscience. It has withstood the test of time and resisted attacks based on “relativism”. The Declaration and its core values, including non-discrimination, equity, equality, and universality, apply to everyone, everywhere and always. Therefore, the UDHR belongs to all of us.

[ I say: On the first three paragraphs, I agree with the speaker, this statement was very informative, I agree totally.]

He says:

In recent times, the OIC member countries have made substantial contributions to the development of the Universal Declaration and the two International Covenants. The travaux preparatoire of these documents records valuable inputs given by the OIC member states on social justice, indivisibility of human rights, right to self-determination and religious freedom.

[I say: Yes, true the OIC made substantial contributions to the development of Human Rights slogan BUT on SOCIAL JUSTICE? This is a matter cannot pass without comment.  Where is the right of determination for Individual Muslim or the Muslim people or even nations dominated and controlled by foreign powers? And Religious freedom, you say: I say, there is no religious freedom in the Muslim world, Be a Muslim or else., that’s unfortunately the rule perception for good Muslim to accept injustice, inequality and government  agencies self interest. Returning to self determination, where is Palestine or Kashmire or the fighting Muslims for independence in Iraq and Afghanistan? Just a question!]

He says:

The OIC sees the Universal Declaration as a global metaphor connecting all humanity. It is a living document. Its full import needs to be invoked to face contemporary challenges, like the rising tide of incitement to religious hatred and discrimination and intolerance targeting Muslims. Attempts to equate Islam with terrorism should also be stopped. Stereotyping and demonization of Muslims should be combated.

[ I say: a global metaphor connecting all humanity, yes BUT he did not ad up the missing words, {excluding Muslims}, this is the challenge to solve, The perception that Religion is for God, and His will decide the good and bad to fill the Heaven and Hill is a challenge to all, those who want to make all Humans on earth as Muslims against God’s will. God says “wahadaynahon Najdayn, and the free to choose”. The arrogance of culture we criticize in America, equating terrorism to Islam, is the same in the Muslim world, but for the opposite perceptions. Cultural ways of perception have to change in order to live in future peace]   (Go to part III)

Hasan Yahya, is an American Arab scholar and writer, a professor of sociology, and a columnist at wfol.tv, Malaysia, and TINA International News Agency, Chicago, USA.

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Xinjiang is China’s largest province geographically but, with its extremes of heat and cold and desert climate, it is also one of its most sparsely populated. This province was formally annexed to the Manchu Qing Empire as early as 1759 but, for all practical purposes, it remained under the control of provincial warlords until the ascendancy of the Communist Party in 1949. That was when one of the most interesting, and possibly most ruthless historical events was ever perpetrated — one that allowed China to bring Xinjiang under its iron-fist control.

During the immediate post-World War II period, Xinjiang was controlled by Stalin and the Soviet-backed East Turkistan Republic. Reluctant to support a nationalist Muslim regime on the border of the then-Soviet Central Asian republics, Stalin brokered what appeared to be a peaceful accommodation between the Muslim leaders of East Turkistan and Mao’s government. However, the plane carrying the East Turkistan leadership to Beijing to negotiate the peace agreement mysteriously — and all too conveniently — crashed and killed all aboard. In the ensuing leadership vacuum, Mao’s forces stepped in and assumed control of Xinjiang, an “autonomous province” in name only.

From an agricultural point of view, much of Xinjiang is a virtual dustbowl in no small part because of overgrazing, deforestation, overplowing, and the failed efforts of the central government to turn grasslands into farmland. However, beneath Xinjiang’s dusty soil and mountainous steppes lies buried 40% of China’s coal reserves. Equally abundant and far more precious to the central government are oil and natural gas deposits that total the equivalent of about 30 billion tons of oil and represent one fourth to one third of China’s total petroleum reserves.

Xinjiang is not just one of China’s best bets for energy resources. Bordering eight countries in Central Asia and the Russian Federation, Xinjiang also has important strategic value. Central Asia can serve as a transshipment area for Middle East oil should war ever break out over Taiwan or China’s various imperialist claims for oil reserves in the South China Seas. Central Asia republics such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstanalso have large petroleum reserves of their own that can help lessen China’s Middle East oil dependence. For these reasons, China is building a vast network of modern infrastructure that includes railways, roads, and pipelines linking Xinjiang eastward to China’s petroleum-thirsty industrial heartland and west and north to Central Asia and Russia.

In Xinjiang, the majority of the population consists of a Muslim Turkic people called the Uighurs.  These Uighurs face some of the harshest and most repressive measures in the world under the jackboots of Chinese Communism — arguably even more oppressive than what the Tibetans face.  Any independent religious activity can be equated to a “breach of state security,” activists are regularly arrested and tortured, and despite its sparse population, Xinjiang’s ethnic groups suffer more executions for state security crimes than any other province.

Tragically, repression in Xinjiang has only intensified in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. The Chinese government seized upon this attack on American soil as a golden opportunity to cut a very clever deal with the United States. China would support the U.S.war on terrorism if the United States would agree that the separatist activities of the Uighurs represented not simply an indigenous rebellion against autocratic rule but rather a legitimate terrorist threat with ties to Al-Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden. As part of its deal with America, China now defines a terrorist in Xinjiang as anyone who thinks “separatist thoughts,” and Xinjiang’s jails are crowded with such pseudo-terrorists.

Although China’s iron-fisted repression in Xinjiang borders on the unbearable, what sticks most in the Uighur craw is the ongoing “Hanification” of Xinjiang. As a matter of policy, for decades the Chinese government has sought to pacify Xinjiang by importing large portions of its Han population from other, primarily poor areas — and even by despicably exporting young Uighur women of child-bearing age out of the region.  Consider this chilling passage from Reuters:

China’s government is forcibly moving young women of the ethnic Uighur minority from their homes in Xinjiang to factories in easternChina, a Uighur activist told the U.S. Congress on Wednesday.  Rebiya Kadeer, jailed for more than five years for championing the rights of the Muslim Uighurs before being sent into exile in the United States, called for U.S. help in stopping a program she said had already removed more than 240,000 people, mostly women, from Xinjiang.  The women face harsh treatment with 12-hour work days and often see wages withheld for months. . . . Many suspect that the Chinese government policy is to get them to marry majority Han Chinese in China’s cities while resettling Han in traditional Uighur lands. . . .

Today, as a result of these policies, the Han population is rising at a rate twice as fast as that of the Uighur population.  Rather than being pacified or tamed by the growing Han population, the Uighurs are simply becoming more and more radicalized. There is a very bitter and dangerous irony in this ethnic strife reported in the Economist: Whereas the Uighurs historically have been “among the world’s most liberal and pro-Western Muslims, fundamentalist Islam is gaining sway among young Uighur men.” Today, “Uighurs report that small-scale clashes break out nearly every day between Chinese and Uighurs in Xinjiang’s western cities.”

It is unlikely that a full-blown guerrilla movement will emerge in Xinjiang to engage Chinese forces in an Algerian- or Vietnamese-style revolt. The populace is simply too small, and Chinese security forces are too big and powerful. However, in an age of “suitcase” nuclear bombs and biological terrorist weapons, China is increasingly exposed to attacks from Uighur separatists at soft target points such as the Three Gorges Dam or any one of its teeming cities. Indeed, as we have seen in a series of recent attacks, Uighur separatists are showing an increasing ability to strike at Chinese targets.

The question ultimately for this conflict — and the fate of the Uighur people — is how this conflict will be judged by world opinion.  Will the Uighurs be seen for what they are — a ruthlessly oppressed people being gradually exterminated through the policy of Hanification?  Or will the taint of a Bin Laden connection prevent the same kind of world outrage that we now witness over Tibet?  It is an open question — and one that the Chinese government itself could deftly sidestep if it simply began to treat its autonomous regions as truly autonomous.

©2008 Peter Navarro

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The US response to global crises is commendable, her humanitarian services are contributed by some well reputed states owned human aid organizations. The Action Against Hunger, American Red Cross, CARE, Direct Relief International, Habitat for Humanity International, International Aid, International Medical Corps, International Relief Teams, International Rescue Committee, Oxfam America, Project HOPE, Save the Children USA, World Concern, World Emergency Relief are some of them to be quoted here. The U.S. government is the world leader in responding to the global pandemic of AIDS, and has made the fight against HIV/AIDS possible for every human being. Besides, the Tsunami Reconstruction, South Asia Earthquake were major projects carried out by the USAID. It would be unjust if not to underline the US role in major universal crisis like Kosovo, reconstruction of Afghanistan, Darfur, former Yugoslav republic of Mecedonia’s, where the US has directly and under the umbrella of NATO and UN played its role in resolves.

Looking back to the history, the US has been passed through rise and fall since, July 4, 1776, when the unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America were signed. In the text of the declaration is also stated that , ” all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”, giving a true impression, that America is the nation having moral up values for human equality, rights, cheer able life and liberty in its constitution. The American nation fought bloodiest civil war in 1860, when President Abraham Lincoln, declared “Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free…”, a firm step to demolish slavery. The war ended in 1865 with good notes, when the U.S. Congress approved the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, to abolish slavery. The cost of civil liberty has turned out to be 620,000 human lives. In 1941 when the global scenario was going through severe changes, Japanese attacked the Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Thailand, Shanghai and Midway and also US Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands dragging the US to world war-11. The world witnessed the first ever atomic bomb used, where the victory remained aside, but humanity sustained defeat and a greater loss in Asia, Europe and Pearl Harbor,Nagasaki, Heroshema at large. The seed of conflict for cold war was mainly based on ideologies, when the champions of capitalism and communism eye ball to eye ball.

The 1964 civil rights act outlawed racial and other discrimination in the US. The judicial supremacy has always been ensured in the country and the perfect example is impeachments of President Andrew Johnson, President Richard Nixon, and President Bill Clinton.

The US policies are sometimes criticized due to its bossing behavior, and the most recent unpleasant incident is invasion of Iraq, that universally damaged her public image. The recent crisis with Iran, Venizuella, Syria and Palestenian conficts are the issues, where the US would go under real test, when the entire world is expecting peaceful solutions of all outstanding issues.

In a situation, when the entire world is confused over its failure to curb terrorism and extremism from this planet, and the four atomic powers plus Germany is not clear that how they could pursue their sovereign diplomacy, so up to somehow the US is the only power that has the tendency to champion the rights of oppressed nations, work for civil liberty, democracy, and human rights. Those who think that likewise the former Soviet Union the US disintegration would minimize international conflicts could predict the future of some conflicting zones like Afghanistan, former Yugoslavia, central Africa—when the US would be no more available to police them. Certainly in current situation the role of the US is very indispensable to cow down the warlords, force dictators for conducting free, fair and transparent elections and constrain the big power from the invasion of their small neighbors. For heading toward such goals, this would more convenient to thoroughly examine the US policies, where its policy makers are crossing the limits, they should be realized the great sacrifices of American people they had rendered for civil liberty, individual freedom, and human rights during their civil war.

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INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: PRESCRIPTION AND ENFORCEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Rights that belong to an individual as a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide continuum of values that are universal in character and in some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common observation that human beings everywhere demand the realisation of diverse values to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also is a common observation that these demands are often painfully frustrated by social as well as natural forces, resulting in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other forms of deprivation. Deeply rooted in these twin observations are the beginnings of what today are called “human rights” and the legal processes, national and international, associated with them.

BEFORE WORLD WAR II

Ever since ancient times, but especially since the emergence of the modern state system, the Age of Discovery, and the accompanying spread of industrialization and European culture throughout the world, there has developed, for economic and other reasons, a unique set of customs and conventions relative to the humane treatment of foreigners. This evolving International Law of State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens, as these customs and conventions came to be called, may be understood to represent the beginning of active concern for human rights on the international plane.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED NATIONS

The charter of the United Nations (1945) begins by reaffirming a “faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small.” It states that the purposes of the United Nations are, among other things, “to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self determination of people and to achieve international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.”

In addition, the commission, together with other UN organs such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the UN Commission on the status of women, drafts human rights standards and has prepared a number of international human rights instruments. Among the most important are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (together with its Optional Protocol; 1976) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976). Collectively known as the International Bill of Rights, these three instruments serve as touchstones for interpreting the human rights provisions of the UN Charter

Unlike the League of Nations, the United Nations incorporated the principle of respect for human rights into its Charter: Article 1, paragraph 3, affirms that “promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion” is one of the basic purposes of the organization. According to the charter, the General Assembly is to initiate studies and make recommendations and ECOSOC is to set up commissions to fulfil this purpose. Consequently, the commission on Human Rights, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, was created in 1946 to develop conventions on a wide range of issues, including an international bill of rights, civil liberties, the status of women (for which there is a separate commission), freedom of information, the protection of minorities, the prevention of discrimination on the grounds of race, sex, language or religion and any other human rights concerns.

CONCLUSION

Whatever the current attitudes and policies of governments, the reality of popular demands for human rights, including both greater economic justice and greater political freedom, is beyond debate. A deepening and widening concern for the promotion and protection of human rights, hastened by the self-determinist impulse of a post-colonial era, is now unmistakably woven into the fabric of contemporary world affairs. Substantially responsible for this progressive development has been, of course, the work of the United Nations, its allied agencies, and such regional organization. The implementation of international human rights law depends for the most part on the voluntary consent of nations and commitment to implement it in domestic laws for the protection as well as for the respect of human rights of the citizens of the nation.

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The Chinese Olympics have been one of the most controversial sporting events in this decade. In fact, a series of individuals maintain that the Olympics have exposed the Chinese government and the doctrines they really stand for. Controversies that range from workers abuses, media freedom, The Tibetan clash and many other issues have been known to the world thanks to the Beijing Olympics. The Paper shall look at the Question of human rights abuses by the Chinese government through a case study and a verdict shall be made about the latter’s performance in International standards.

How the Chinese government has handled basic human rights in the lead up to the Beijing Olympics

Workers’ Rights abuses

The Chinese government also failed to respect the rights of its people by abusing workers rights. Numerous articles and columns have been written about the construction workers who were supposed to participate in the process of building certain structures for the Olympics. It was found that many people were migrants and most of them felt that they were not in a position to fight against the Chinese government. This forced them to put up with deplorable conditions. Such kind of treatment was totally absurd especially because if it was not for these workers, then their country would not have been ready to host the thousands if not millions of visitors who attended the Beijing Olympics. (Chan & Senser, 2008)

Many supporters of the Chinese government during the construction of the Olympic infrastructure claimed that the government had no other choice. First of all, they were working under a deadline; there was so much to do in very little time. Since supervisors in those construction sites were working under a deadline, then it would have been difficult for them to look out for some of the aspects revolving around human resource management. Consequently, this would have been the reason why the government chose to behave in the way that they did during the Olympics.

Many human right watch groups such as the Asian advocacy group have asserted that Chinese government failed to honor some of the most fundamental principles for countries hosting the Olympics. In fact, a large number of these individuals assert that the International Olympics Committee has failed to meet its obligations. This is because the latter group is supposed to ensure that countries hosting the Olympics adhere to their respective obligations. (Chan, 2007)

Additionally, the Chinese government cannot argue that they had little time to prepare for the Olympics hence necessitating the hurried and sometimes disrespectful manner in which they dealt with the construction workers. This can be seen as a sign of negligence because if the government had prepared as early as 2001, then there would be no need to engage the migrant workers in human rights abuses just so that they could meet their construction deadline.

Unfair treatment of marginal groups

The Chinese government has treated certain disadvantaged groups in society quite unfairly. Prior to the Olympics, the following categories of individuals were handpicked by the government and told to vacate Beijing. These were

Migrant workers

Petitioners
Sex workers
Beggars
Other ‘undesirables’

By behaving in such a manner, the Chinese government wanted to portray an image that was not in fact the true depiction of what Beijing or China truly was. Consequently, they had no right to tackle the situation in the manner that they chose to. (Parker, 2007)

Home Occupants’ abuses

Another issue that was discussed at length was the evacuation of individuals whose homes had to be torn down in order to accommodate new infrastructure for the Olympics. It can be argued that this was an inevitable part of the system. Many governments the world over have had to eliminate certain groups in order to look out for the greater good of their country. This is normally seen when slum dwellings or low quality houses are cleared in order to make room for better infrastructure. It is usually difficult to get rid of such occupants because that is usually the only way of life that they know. Such drastic changes are bound to create some sort of friction between change initiators and those who have been affected by it. Consequently, supporters of the Chinese government’s action during the demolitions assert that it is human nature to resist change. Such proponents claim that the people who spoke out against the government’s actions were simply those types of individuals who focused on the short term and who were not willing to embrace change.

Despite these latter arguments, one cannot ignore the fact that there were more humane ways of doing this. The Chinese government did not consider the fact that some of the buildings destroyed were the only homes that those victims knew, consequently, it would have been favorable if the government had taken the time to look for alternative settlements for these individuals and if they had created a situation in which the residents had been forewarned about the demolitions. This would have gone a long way in ascertaining that the rights of those respective individuals were respected. (Whitehouse, 2008)

It should be noted that the matter in question was not the actual demolition of people’s homes; the major problem is with the way the Chinese government opted to do it. One can either make or break their name by the way in which they execute certain matters. The Chinese government failed to show esteem for its own people yet they were the same group that wanted to show how they respected human rights. Consequently, one can assert that this was hypocrisy on the part of the Chinese government.

Freedom of Association abuses

One of the most common issues that analysts and human rights watch groups have discussed with regard to the Chinese government is the issue of freedom of association. Contrary to common expectations about stepping up human rights accordance in the Chinese population prior to the games, the Chinese government had instead gone the opposite direction. Many media companies, internet websites and other companies were hindered from expressing themselves freely prior to the Olympics.

Abuse of freedom of expression by the Chinese government was depicted through a series of instances. For example members who spoke against the treatment of other individuals prior to the Olympics were frequently arrested and even imprisoned without fair trials.

A case in point is a fifty three year old male human rights advocate known as Ye Guozhu. In 2004, the Chinese government was preparing to evict people out in order to make room for Olympic infrastructure. This individual opposed the government’s move and decided to do something about it. He went about organizing demonstrations in the street in order to make his objections known. (Foot, 2006)

The Chinese government responded very undemocratically to his actions. In fact, a substantial number of police officers were sent to the site of the demonstration and were instructed to arrest many of these demonstrators. Ye was convicted under the suspicious charge of disturbing order. He was given an extremely unfair form of punishment where he was supposed to remain in prison for 4 years.

Many people spoke against such behavior by the government claiming that there were hidden motives. They asserted that the Chinese government opted to keep Ye in prison for that long because they did not want him, to express his sentiments freely. Such kind of behavior should not be tolerated in a developed nation such as China. People ought to be free to speak their minds and the government should not deal with opposition by sweeping it under the carpet or throwing these advocates in prison. Additionally, the period which Ye served in prison was excessively long. All these actions brought out the fact that the Chinese government is not a true democracy. True democracies do not operate under the principle of fear or intimidation. By treating Ye in the manner that they did, the Government of China was trying to show other people that they could suffer the same fate if they fully exercised their freedom of expression.

Freedom of expression was also hampered prior to the Olympics when another person Mrs. Ni Yulan was imprisoned for a period of three years for protecting the rights of others who had been oppressed. Ni Yulan was a lawyer in her late forties; she felt that the Chinese government had gone about demolishing the homes of residents in an inhumane manner. Consequently, she decided to go to the demolition site and state her concerns.

While at the centre, Yi Nulan was forcibly arrested by police officers and when reported to court was charged with the offense of obstructing a police officer. This lawyer had earned a reputation as a reputable professional; however, all this went down the drain when the authorities decided to disbar her and also to take her to prison. To add insult to injury, Ni was also a victim of the demolition and was also hit by a brick during the construction process. Instead of sympathizing with her, the authorities stripped her off her license and took her to jail.

Many other developed countries have had oppositions to their actions. In fact, in New York, protests are a common sight. These rarely turn into arrests if conducted in a peaceful manner; the Chinese government still has much to learn with regard to giving their members a right to express themselves. (Callick, 2008)

Foreign personalities have also not been sidelined in these human rights abuses. The Chinese government has participated in censorship of foreign media especially during the Olympic period. A series of political and social issues have cropped up within the Chinese government prior to the Olympics. Since China felt that they would lose their reputation in the international arena if they allowed the media to show everything, then they decided to censor some of the coverage.

A case in point occurred when the government told international media not to cover any issue surrounding the Tibetan Clash. Consequently, foreign media were barred from accessing Lhasa as a region available to them. Consequently, it became increasingly difficult for the people of China or the rest of the world to fully understand the intricacies that were going on in their own country or in China for the case of the foreigners. (Sitaraman, 2008)

In close relation to the latter issue, the Chinese government also prevented many people from getting to know the truth behind certain death threats made against international media. At that time, the government was responsible for a campaign dubbed western media bias. They felt that the western media was being too harsh with the Chinese government especially with regard to the Tibetan questions. Consequently, this same government asserted that there were no death threats made against foreign media outlets consequently denying them any form of protection which one should be entitled to as a human being. The government’s sentiments were echoed by its Minister for Foreign Affairs who asserted that this was mere propaganda and heresy by the international media. One can see that even media houses that emanate from other parts of the world are also prevented from expressing themselves freely in China.

Wrongful arrests

There are so many names that tried to voice their concerns against the Chinese governments’ human rights abuses, but all these people were silenced. Instead of listening to what these groups had to say, the Chinese government instead opted to silence all of them. The following names are just some of the many Chinese natives that were abused or treated unfairly by the Chinese government during the Olympics

Yang Chunlin

Hu Jia

Huang Qi

Teng Biao

Cheng Guangcheng

Yang Chunlin was an activist who dwelt mostly on land rights. His major concern was with regard to land seizures. He had obtained ten thousand signatures to protest the government’s actions. The government arrested him and imprisoned him for five years because of alleged subversion of the state’s power. Hu Jia wanted the overall rights of the Chinese people to be protected. The government reacted to him by arresting him and charging him with subversion of power where he served a period of three and a half years in prison. (Simpson, 2008)

Additionally, Huang Qi was a human rights advocate prior to the Olympics. The government arrested him and imprisoned him after claiming that he possessed state secrets. As if this was not enough, the government arrested Teng Biao and disbarred him since he was a lawyer. The latter individual had spoken out against the government’s actions in Lhasa during the Tibetan Clash in the month of March 2007. Chen GuangCheng was also arrested by the government because he was voicing his complaints about human rights abuses in China prior to the Olympics. The Chinese government also opted to arrest him. (Jacobs, 2008)

Filtering media content

All the latter human rights abuses occurred some years prior to the Olympics. Even months before the elections, the Chinese Government was still stopping people from expressing themselves freely. The group that was largely targeted by this government were journalists. There are reports on the internet and international newspapers about how the government began conducting crackdowns on certain media elements that were perceived as threats to them. It is a known fact that in China, the Public security sector and the department  of Cyber police are all real sectors within the Chinese government. Most of them are given the mandate to censor media outlets in a hidden manner. (Leeman, 2008)

In China, a large number of media outlets are owned by the government. Consequently, most of them only report information that will portray the government in a positive light. Additionally, those groups that seem to be overly expressive are usually blocked from airing out their view. This is especially the case for internet websites. In order to do this, the government normally blocks one from accessing such websites whenever they are in China. Additionally, the same practice is carried forward to chat rooms.

As if the latter are not enough, the Chinese government has also been particularly vigilant about the issue of video sharing or visual websites. This government has instituted internet filters that are designed to capture either controversial pictures or key words that may ‘disturb the public’. Usually, when a web designer finds a way of surpassing these government filters, and they continue to spread their message, then chances are that one may have to come to terms with the full force of the law. In China, terms such as subversion, sharing state secrets and defamation are quite common. In fact, when one find themselves in such a situation, then chances are that they will get into a lot of trouble.

One should also note that in China, foreign media outlets or journalists are not allowed to employ Chinese nationals. This is especially the case when one needs to move around the country. During the Beijing Olympics, most of the people who were interested in knowing about the Chinese issue found themselves moving around the country alone because if they employed services of locals, then those troubles would have to face the full force of the law. (Audra, 2008)

Suppression of religious forces

It should be noted that when the Chinese government was trying to get permission for hosting the Olympics, they had been very clear about what they wanted with regard to these particular issues. In fact, most of the people who approve China as the official host country thought that things would take a turn for the better in subsequent years. Consequently, most of them felt that the Olympics were a chance for positive improvement.

However, this was far from the result, in fact few days after receiving official approval, the Country’s Deputy Minister was quoted saying that there should be eradication of the Falungong Spiritual movement. He asserted that this group was largely responsible for creating violent scenarios. He asserted that there should be a healthy life in China that would only be fostered by eliminating such forces. These words were then followed by a ban on the latter spiritual movement. Additionally, thousands of individuals were arrested and detained form this movement. It should be noted that about one hundred of these people lost their lives during the process of detention. All these go to show just intense and serious the problem of human rights abuses has become within China as a country.

It should be noted that the Chinese government has managed to defend itself against these human rights abuses especially with regard to wrongful arrests. For instance Hu Jintao, who is the country’s President, asserted that the Beijing Olympics’ success was a sign of triumph against anti-China forces. The government of China believes that there are certain forces within their country that oppose China as a state. Some of these forces disguise themselves as spiritual groups like the latter mentioned ones or the Dalai Lama’s religion. According to this individual, if the Chinese government did not step up its forces in dealing with these groups, then the Unity of China and the stability of the country as people knew it would be under threat.

In fact, the Beijing Olympics was a platform against which the world got to know about the problems of China. It should be noted that the latter doctrines were held even before the Olympics. In fact the Chinese government had been clashing with another religious group known as the Uyghurs. At that time, the government felt that this group was exercising separatism. Consequently, they opted to deal with them by offering to execute some of their authorities. In response to their actions, the government said that this group was exercising a form of separatism and was a threat to the unity of the government. (Cheng, Lucie and Woo, 2003)

Many human rights activists have called upon the International Olympics to do something about these human rights abuses. However, the latter committee has not been very responsive. Instead, the latter committee has caused greater abuses by requiring the government to ensure that there was adequate security in the Olympics. In response to this prompt, the Chinese government did the following;

Banning social protest movements
Encouraging grater censorship
Heightening arrests
Suppressing religious groups
Etc (Wang, 2006)

Conclusion

The Olympics are founded in the principles of peace and unity. However, the Chinese government has focused their attention on portraying these images instead of fostering them. Behind the wonderful smiles and beautiful infrastructure seen during the Beijing Olympics are several human rights abuses. The Chinese government has oppressed freedom of speech, it has blocked media contents, arrested human rights advocates, suppressed religious groups and perceived threats. Their justifications for these actiosn are not adequate enough because no excuse (even the Beijing Olympics) is adequate enough to justify human rights abuses. The Chinese government wanted to sweep matters under the carpet by looking for temporary solutions instead of tackling the problem from the roots. The Chinese government has violated numerous fundamental rights and these cannot be hidden any more.

References

Cheng, R., Lucie, A. and Woo, L. (2003): East Asian Law: Universal Norms and Local Cultures; Routledge

Foot, R. (2006): Human Rights in China and the Global Community; Oxford University Press

Sitaraman, S. (2008): Explaining China’s Continued Resistance Towards Human Rights Norms; ACDIS Occasional Paper

Wang, F. (2006): China’s Hukou System – Organizing through Division and Exclusion; Stanford University Press

Parker, M. (2007): The silent majority – Life in a Chinese village; The Economist, 23rd April

Audra, A. (2008): China has not approved Olympic protest requests; Associated Press

Simpson, P. (2008): Elderly pair punished for wanting to protest; The Morning Post

Jacobs, A. (2008): Two women sentenced to re-education in China; International Herald Tribune, 21st August

Leeman, P. (2008): Hundreds of websites still censored at Beijing Olympics: The Los Angeles Times 5th August

Callick, R. (2008): Games fell short of standards; The Australian; 26th August

Chan, A. (2007): China’s Workers under Assault; Journal of Human Rights Activists, 12, 3, 56

Chan, A. & Senser, R. (2008): China’s Troubled Workers; Foreign Affairs Report

Whitehouse, D. (2008): Chinese workers and peasants in three phases of accumulation; Colloquium on Economy, Nature and Society Paper, 2nd March

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The recent scandal was unleashed by a Swedish journalist Donald Bostrom, at the time the world have not forgotten the human rights violation during attack on Gaza early this year.

Donald Bostrom in his article entitled, “They Plundered the Organs of Our Sons,” which published in Sweden’s largest circulation daily newspaper ‘Aftonblade’ in August 2009, has claimed that the Israeli forces were involved in harvesting organs of Palestinians. The article quotes Palestinian claims that young men from the West Bank and Gaza Strip had been seized by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), and their bodies returned to the families with missing organs later on.

The writer claimed that relatives of Khalid from Nablus said to me, that their sons were used as involuntary organ donors by the IDF. The mother of Raed from Jenin as well as the uncles of Mahmood and Nafees from Gaza also disclosed to him that all of them had disappeared for a few days and returned by night, dead and autopsied.

A Palestinian family has now claimed that they were victims of it, which is a clear indication that the allegation seems true. Jalal Ghanem recalls his memory and said that his brother Shahid Bilal was a nineteen-year-old teenager in year 1992 and like many other Palestinians of his age, he spent his days by throwing stones at occupied forces. He was seen alive the last time, when he was being carried into an Israeli army helicopter. He was returned a few hours later to his family but in a coffin. He said, “There is a photo showing a bullet hole going right through his heart. There were plastic bags full of blood in the helicopter for some unknown reason, as well as bandages and other medical supplies. He was taken away to Israel, and an hour later the local authorities were asked to find cement and dig a grave.”

The Swedish journalist faced enormous pressure and opposition from Israel for his truth and painting a true picture of cruelty of Israeli Army. The Jewish media and government called it an Anti-Semitic.

The leading Israeli Newspaper Ha’aretz in its reaction reported:

“This latest blood libel joins an all too long list of false charges and accusations against Israel and the IDF and would not look out of place on a neo-Nazi website or the pages of the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

While this article may have been published in Swedish, previous experience shows that even such outlandish stories take on a life of their own as translations appear on the Internet preserved for Israel’s enemies to dig up in the battle to delegitimize and demonize the Jewish state.

Even though credible rebuttals may appear, as was the case with the Jenin “massacre” and The Independent’s “secret uranium bombs”, these stories continue to fester online and, sadly, it is likely to be the case with Aftonbladet’s disgraceful article.”

Israeli Government has also condemned the report. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has urged the Swedish government to condemn the newspaper’s article.He joins broad Israeli criticism of the Aftonbladet paper over the claims troops took organs to sell.

In July 2009 some 44 persons including three Mayors and five Rabbis were arrested in New Jersey, following the allegations of Corruption, Money Launderings and Kidney sales. Former Palestinian detainee Abdul-Nasser Farwana termed the matter as connected with the arrest of those well-known figures.

It is more important that the allegations were made by a journalist from the heart of Europe, where the Jewish influence in an open secret. Moreover the Swedish journalist is a Christian, as in case of any Muslim or Arab journalist, the Anti-Semitic reason might be more powerful.

The world has not witnessed such an allegation throughout the history, where the any force or body of the any State is involved. Although both the sides are claiming that they were true, but still the IDF history shows that they were involved in serious kind of human rights abuses. That’s why the world has taken it very seriously. Some of the world’s leading human rights organizations have shown their great concern over it. But the fact is that no one has yet confirmed the fact yet and media all over the world would hardly get a chance to reach that part of the world and dig out the facts. The Palestinians has suffered for more than half-a-century. During this period they have witnessed all kind of human rights violations, but the subject sandal is the most serious and condemnable in its nature.

The world community and the peace loving world must take a serous notice of it and other such kind of violations, while the Muslim world and particularly the Arabs nations must also take it seriously.

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For over 15 years, the U.S. Government and their collaborators have inflicted physical and mental harm, including pain, suffering and emotional distress to further other medical factors including pain and suffering to my pre-existing scoliosis musculoskeletal problems using stress positions.

These official policies, practices, customs, habits, and usage of denying this woman her equal rights under the law while being held in tactical isolation and stress positions for long periods of time have resulted in lost opportunities including education; material damages and loss of earnings, including loss of earning potential; And, harm to reputation and dignity.  Their actions and nonactions have contributed to mental anguish and muscles feeling faint among a pack of sissies and paranoiacs.

Detained indefinitely through petty legal limbo and the use of a constant stream of aggravated relational aggression using police perpetrated violence and community bullying, U.S. officials are continuing to retaliate so that I cannot seek medical attention to any of my health problems. They are not being held accountable for the economically assessable damages resulting from ALL violations of human rights and humanitarian law. 

There is a wealth of information and resources available to help victims of domestic violence recognize and escape the violence in their lives, except if your batterer happens to be a police officer(s).  Most of the progress that has been made in developing resources and assistance for battered women is of no benefit to me and there are no affirmative actions to halt their behavior.

I am one disenfranchised Hebrew American robbed of all dignity sapping strength, consciousness, and poise left to languish in weakness, disorientation, despair, hopelessness, doubt and poverty at another U.S. refuge camp while city, state, and federal officials consent to illegal property seizures and malicious prosecutions. 

Mortified by the judicial abuse, WHAT WILL THEY DO TO ME NOW that a man received a superficial dog bite from my dog? 

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Chinese Movie Copyright Association Zhu Yongde 18 pm BEIJING video interview guest on the “collective management of copyright films using the standard fee charged” hot topics related to communicate online with friends.

He said the Association is the National Radio and Television Film Association agreed, approved by the State Copyright Bureau, Ministry of Civil Affairs registered the only film of the copyright collective management organization. Is on the basis of collective rights management organizations, “the right of the Law” and the Bill of rights management, commissioned by the rights holders, and then right to the ac adapter exercise of their rights can not those inside the range, do a few things together, one is to represent human rights licensing, copyright royalty collection, the second is to transfer the royalties paid to rights holders, and the third in their own name on behalf of the rights holders rights. So actually is a “fee, transfer payments, rights.”

Zhu Yongde introduced abroad “Copyright Law” first one is called “Anna Law” to present a full three hundred years, when China had a clear, now it is a hundred years, but after the promulgation of the Qing Dynasty collapsed to This dynasty, there is no practice. Later, the Republic of China also released, but has been war, war, and no effective implementation. After the liberation, as a private right of copyright is the property rights, liberation is not about this. So, the People’s Republic was established in 1949, has been developed in 1990 was the first of the PRC’s Copyright Law.

Zhu Yongde said the film was co-brewing for a long time. Because with the development of market economy, we increasingly recognize the importance of intellectual property rights, “Copyright Law” Article 17 provides for rights holders of rights, the first four called personal rights, signed what about the person, no money The. Called property rights during the first 13, the film is a big investment, big risk, of course, may also have a large output of the industry, of all the funds back to the rope special attention.

Zhu Yongde said, “when in 2004, SARFT director Zhao Shi, Deputy Secretary movie, she presented at the meeting to strengthen copyright protection film, opened in 2004 at the Seventh China Film Producers Association, I was Producers Association’s chairman. to meet it, to choose the seventh of the Council, I was once again elected president, and we passed several resolutions, including resolution of copyright is to build our organization, and later with China film screenings Association, China dell inspiron 6400 ac adapter & Video Association, a joint together, to build the Copyright Society. At that time we want to get a copyright collective management organizations, because many of our fields, our rights to discipline themselves. wanted to have the right to possession, then ” Copyright Law “is already issued more than ten years,” Copyright Law “in Article VIII, right to collective management organizations mentioned, but what is behind a specific requirement, be issued by the State Council, then there is no Collective Management of Copyright Regulations release. The State Council promulgated the Ordinance does not, so that the establishment of an industry advocacy group, 05 of August 29 set up the China Film Copyright Protection Association, I’ll be chairman at that time. “

Zhu Yongde, said: “It was set up, in fact, when we reported that the Ordinance has not come out, so I set up when the Collective Management of Copyright Ordinance came out, so we actually set up a Copyright Society, the work of a very important how to make it into the collective management organizations. In 1995 work began to prepare until the last year in July, before they get the Press and Publication, National Copyright Administration’s approval, agreed that the Chinese Movie Copyright Association changed its name last October in Ministry of Civil Affairs to complete a change up. “

Zhu Yongde said, in fact, in the preparation process is a very long time, because the main three files, one constitution, articles of association must be in accordance with the “Copyright Law”, copyright collective management regulations adopted by the members discussed. There is also a film copyright royalty standard, one is the transfer payment, transfer payment approach, which has prepared several documents to proceed is very difficult to know. Before and after three and a half hours, just to develop the main way to pay the fee and the transfer took three and a half.

Zhu Yongde, said film was co-existing 62 members, of course, will immediately behind the development. Certainly, the producer of state-owned enterprises is mainly because the film is a co-group members are corporate members, all major studios, production companies, whether state, private, and is a member of a co film, such as Film, long shadow, August, for example, Huayi Brothers, the new screen, PolyBona are members.

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Equality with Man: The Principal Right of Woman is enshrined in the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ instree/women/engl-wmn.html#cedaw). The topic of this article rests on a solid rock foundation of human rights (women rights) that was crafted, ratified and given accession after much debate and agreement. Abhinav Aima in Realizing Women’s Rights – Pragmatic Steps towards Immediate Goals (http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~aa342389/chi602ppr1.html), succinctly points out the need to educate men on the rights women. But why educate men on the rights of women?

Androcentrism

The answer to foregoing question is “Androcentrism”. How can we describe androcentrism in layman’s understanding? Androcentrism is the belief that the male (man) is the norm and that the woman is to be appraised by this norm. Another way to put it is that man is the centre of the universe (religiously, politically, economically, scientifically, socially, culturally, medically, legally, academically, technologically, and linguistically). Among all the fields that have been listed, the fields of Religion and Politics in themselves have sufficient power to enforce male norms and dominance over women in all other fields. Therefore we only briefly look at androcentrism in religion and politics. Let’s look at androcentrism in religion.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in the Woman’s Bible said: “The Bible and the Church have been the greatest stumbling blocks in the way of woman’s emancipation”. The Skeptic’s Annotated Bible (http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/women/long.html) gives numerous examples on androcentrism and the discrimination of women. To begin with God is described in male pronouns. Checkout this interesting site on: “Is God Male by Rich Deem”, (http://www.godandscience.org/doctrine/male.html). The use of male pronouns is found generally among most religions. Besides religion, politics is another field where androcentrism is active. The dominance of women by men begins with religion in which even God is perceived as a male. The questions are why was God not perceived as a female? Why God can’t be perceived as a female? Androcentrism is also seen in politics.

Mick Leach in his The Politics of Masculinity: An overview of contemporary theory (http://www.xyonline.net/politicsofmasculinity.shtml) gives an excellent description of masculinity as a structural fact of male dominance over women. R. W. Connell in his “Masculinities and Masculinity Politics in World Society (http://irw.rutgers.edu/lectures/connelllecture.pdf) gives a more thorough analysis of the androcentrism in politics. But what clearly stands out in Connell’s article is that confirmation of the existence androcentrism while acknowledging the potential changes it might undergo due to global dynamics. Though there are exceptions now, generally in a male dominated politics, all subsequent legislations and policies naturally favors the male (men). Thus it is clear androcentrism dominates religion and politics which in turn gives blanket dominance over all other fields in human endeavor. And women are thus directly and indirectly dominated by men. All appraisals of women are thus subjected to male norms. So the education of men (males) about women’s rights is crucial as it is primarily the men that hold the power over the women. And educating the men (males) on the principal right of equality of women with men should begin in the area of gender stereotyping of women.

Gender Stereotyping of a Woman

Gender stereotyping of a woman are commonly shared beliefs in a society about a woman’s personality traits, abilities, and expected social behavior (gender roles). And in many instances these stereotypes are based again on “androcentrism”. Androcentrism can be found in many different work situations. Here is an example of it in the workplace. See how men and women are labeled for their behavior according to androcentrism.

Men’s Behavior Women’s Behavior

“He’s good on details.                                               She’s picky.

He follows through.                                                   She doesn’t know when to quit.

He’s assertive.                                                         She’s pushy.

He stands firm.                                                        She’s rigid.

He’s a man of the world.                                           She’s been around.

He’s not afraid to say what he thinks.                         She’s outspoken.

He’s Close-mouthed.                                                She’s secretive.

He exercises authority.                                             She’s power mad.

He climbed the ladder of success.                              She slept her way to the top

He’s a stern taskmaster.                                           She’s difficult to work for.

(Weiten & Lloyd, 2006, p. 305)

As for Gender stereotyping of women, it begins in childhood with the giving of gender (female) – appropriate toys like Barbie dolls and cookery sets (Basow, 1992). During 1820 to 1860 there was a cult of true womanhood that stated that women should be appraised by the virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity (Welter, 1978, p. 313). If you look at the list, submissiveness and domesticity is a direct promotion of values that needs submission to male norms. It was not just in the past but even now in the twenty-first century we can find domineering rules for woman like: 1) Women’s voice in terms of her volume and tone must be lower in the presence of men, 2) Certain venues that are legitimate for men are prohibited to women, 3) Certain roles and positions are banned to women. 4) Certain educational fields are off-limits to women. 5) A woman must walk behind a man. 6) A woman shall not question a man. 7) A woman must sit in a certain way in the presence of a man. It is due to this gender stereotyping of women has led to limited advancement in many fields which is now known as the glass ceiling situation.

Many rules that are meant to dominate women come in the form of legal, religious and cultural demands. There are four common sense questions which can be applied to assess any unreasonable demands that discriminate women. 1) Is it applicable only to women? 2) Is the legislator(s) of the rule willing to subject himself/herself to the same rule? 3) Does it create double standards for men and women? 4) Is there natural justice for women in the content, application and outcome of the demands or rules? The answers to the above questions will expose how reasonable or unreasonable the rules and demands are to you as a woman. Any rules or demands that fail to stand to these common sense questions create doubts about their credibility and their suitability for the wellbeing and welfare of you as a woman.

Rules and norms exist for the benefit of men and women. Men and women don’t exist for the benefit of rules and norms. When as a woman you find yourself in a servitude status to a rule, norm or demand of a particular society, entity or individual – it is called oppression. And it is up to you as a woman who is equal with man to decide whether you would continue to submit or seek redress even under duress. You must understand that there are still persons (men and women) in our society and in the world who believe and cherish equality and natural justice. And therefore as a woman you are not alone. While gender stereotyping of women is a cognitive element, sexism is the behavioral aspect of androcentrism as applied to women.

Sexism against Women

Sexism against women is the belief that a woman (by the gender of being a female) is inferior to men. The belief of inferiority of women to men is shown in the term “misogyny”, which describes the contempt that men display for women. As quoted above check out the interesting site called the Skeptic’s Annotated Bible: http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/ women/ long.html. If you are a woman who considers yourself to be equal to man, will you accept the contempt that is highlighted in the Skeptic’s Annotated Bible? What about the entertainment industry?

Contempt for women is shown in the Hip-Hop culture. Ayanna in the article, the exploitation of women in the Hip-Hop culture (http://www.mysistahs.org/features/hiphop.htm), describes in vivid details the kind of contempt shown to women. What if we reverse the contempt that is shown for women in Hip-Hop by including in every hip-hop video in which there are many dancing men (surrounding one or two women) wearing not much more than a g-string, with the cameras focusing on their genitals. I wonder how many rappers like to be portrayed in that manner.

These are but two examples out of the numerous type of contempt that is shown to women. Equality with Man: The Principal Right of Woman as enshrined in the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women has certain provisions for women that needs pointing out. The more pertinent ones are:

Man is not the norm by which a woman is appraised. Both man and women are equals.
A woman has the equal right of access to every human field of endeavor (legal, economic, social, cultural, religious, medical or academic) and to every resources without having to request or prove her right to have access to these fields or resources.
A woman has the right to seek redress and can demand justice for any wrong that is done to her by men.
A woman can expect and demand for equality in existing laws, regulations, customs and practices, which is their right by the convention of human and women’s right.

Equality is your principal right. According to McClelland (May 20 1917 – March 1998), men seek power to have control and be in charge either for personal or social reasons. If in the process you as a woman is discriminated, used, or abused, it is your principal right to seek redress and take charge of the same power to look after your interest. Equality is a woman’s principal right. It is your right.

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We are entitled to enjoy the following human rights such as:

Civil and Political Rights.
Social, Cultural and Economic Rights.
Right to Life.
Right to Equality before the Law.
Right to Work.
Right to Social Security.
Right to Education.
Right to Development and Self-Determination.
Right to Freedom of Expression.

The international human rights treaties not only assure rights, but also impose obligations. They impose legal accountability on a county’s government, to protect and promote human rights of individuals and groups. They oblige the government to protect groups and individuals against human rights abuses. Further, they provide that the government of a country should not interfere in the exercise of human rights by an individual.

Basic Principles of Human Rights

Human rights reflect a universal appeal. The principle of universality forms a significant part of the international human rights law. The principle was laid down for the first time in 1948, during the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. It still forms a significant part of several international human rights conventions, norms, resolutions and declarations.

The principle of non-discrimination forms a major part of several international human rights treaties and human rights conventions. Also, the principle is supported by the principle of equality. The principle of equality declares ‘All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.’ This is stipulated in the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

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Trafficking happens everywhere and all around us, traffickers sell the children for their sole benefit, some traffickers lure and trick the children by telling them on how they will work and get good payments, later on they treat these children as slaves on terms which are very high exploitative. Annually, children trafficked range from 480,000 to 1.2 million and these do not include children who are trafficked for adoption as most discussions of human trafficking limits the definition as to how trafficking can be exploitive, usually sex and forced labor. Unsuspecting adoptive parents also give traffickers huge sum of money so that hey can get the children which is considered illegal in many countries.

A child trafficking is one of the prestigious industries in the world with a total of billion for billion estimated children The council of Europe stated that people trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the past decade with a maximum of billion trafficking victims. In the year 2000 a Jew and other eight Italians were arrested because of kidnapping children between 2yrs and 5yrs fro Russian orphanages, raping them and later on murdering them on film. Customers who were some countries and other big companies paid as much as ,000 to watch the film without any guilt. According to some reporters, they indicated that some children are raped until they faint and at some scenes, a five year old girl was raped and she was killed by hanging. “Some of the scenes are unbearable to watch for normal people” a news reporter commented at some point when she was explaining what they featured on their story.(R.James,2000)

A protocol to prevent and punish trafficking in children known as trafficking protocol has been created to prevent further crimes and 117 countries and 124 parties participated in order to make sure that trafficking which is inhuman ends. Last but not the least, those unrepentant criminals who have no scruples in repeatedly abducting or snatching children from the hands of their parents should never be shown any leniency in punishment.  In general, human trafficking across internationals requires all states to collaborate to tackle it effectively. United Nations Charter is one of the leading agencies that is fighting the problem that is being faced by many countries across the world (.Dean, 2007)

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The scope of a management education, in the field of human resource, probably has great potential, in terms of the creative talent, attitude of handling relations in the inter- and intra – organizational levels.

It’s an integral part of management of any firm, where working together of an employee and the employer is as important as the healthy work environment among the employees.

A human resource specialist can work in the following areas:

Personnel management
Organizational behavior and change.
Management training and development
Resolution of conflict and their management.
Potential appraisal and feedback counseling etc.

As the world is emerging into one big global market, need of a human resource manager is indispensable. A business house needs a department of its own, to handle the needs of the employees, in three different sectors, namely, welfare, development and empowerment of each one.

A human resource executive mainly works for the employee and the company as a whole. He acts as a mediator, and also takes out the potential worker from a decent employee to get the organizational demands on the track.

Human resource personnel can take a company to a greater height and develop it brick by brick, as a strong institution for business with ways of growth and its sustenance.

Therefore, the scope of Human Rights in today’s world is immense and flourishing. And as everyone knows, a human can never be supplemented with machines; this great resource’s management has a tremendous scope in the global market.

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THE THEME : Corporate Social Responsibility is inbuilt in chemical industries or even in the chemical division of  corporate industries .The human touch of  chemistry  is sustainability which implies that the main focus of  chemical engineering  is  aimed at  social and economic sustainable development and welfare . Like all chemical industries Tata Chemicals have introduced this concept long before by adaptation of water harvesting, soil reclamation, wasteland development programme, waste management, effluent management etc. to develop over all environment quality of the factory site, in and around. In public perception chemical business is perceived to be a predatory one. This generalization however can never be applied to chemical industries. At Tata Chemicals it is believed that CHEMISTRY & CARE go hand in hand. In fact Chemical industries rely and make use of ‘CHEMISTRY WITH A CONSCIENCE’. Corporate philosophy is deep rooted in principles of sustainability. It recognizes that sustainability encompasses environmental stewardship, adding economic value, promoting human rights and building social capital. The TATA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES in Mithapur in Saurashtra is opening new doors for the rural communities residing around its chemical complex. TATA CHEMICALS SOCIETY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT (TCSRD) brings better knowledge to the community about new ethods of agriculture, like water harvesting programme, better management of land through soil conservation, soil reclam- ation, manuring, afforestation, and wasteland development programme. The advantages of using vermiculture and biotechnology are also being considered.

  Waste   Management is the  collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials produced by human activity and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, environment or aesthetics. So it is an important tool almost in all industries and especially in chemical industries to improve the quality of environment. Waste Managementby chemical industries or chemical departments of corporate industries contributes greatly to corporate social responsibility. Waste Management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste Management involves management of solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances. Most (85%) of the solid waste generated from steel works is recycled or reused in own processes or sold as input materials to other industries. Tata Steel generates 659 kg of solid wastes (excluding fly ash) for every one ton of crude steel produced. Eighteen percent of solid waste generated amounting to approx. 5, 50,000 tons in 2003-04 was used to fill low lying areas and for peripheral road construction around Jamshedpur. About 2,00,000 tones of fly ash and  bottom ash, generated in the power plant was dumped in a designated dump area. TATA STEEL takes the problem of solid waste management as a business opportunity to improve the economic and environmental performance of the organization. The sources said ‘Reduce, re-use, and recycle practices have improved profitability of companies worldwide’. It has defined various areas like waste disposal, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, and soil erosion as threats to environment. It is also committed to provide a safe work   place and clear environment to all its employees and other stake holders as an integral   part of its business philosophy and values.

 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT: The Steel making process is always associated with emissionof carbon di oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfurated hydrogen, water vapour etc. Those are the primary source of environmental pollution resulting global warming. TATA STEEL has got a well set pollution control measure to maintain the statute for Air Quality atJamshedpur Steel factory to reduce Green house effect and warming of earth.: Where do the greenhouse gases come from? The fact that they come from economic activities that are so pervasive to human society largely explains why global warming control is so complicated and so controversial. CO2 is emitted from the burning of fossil fuels, so that most electricity production and most industrial activity contribute to global warming. Since gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are fossil fuels, they too contribute, which means that the entire transport sector is implicated. Methane is also emitted from fossil fuel burning, but also from gas pipeline leaks and from decomposing vegetation. Methane emissions are therefore associated with livestock and with rice growing. Nitrous oxide comes from fossil burning and fertilizers. The burning of forests also contributes significantly to CO2 emissions.Greenhouse Gases are one of the major constituents for environment pollution .Of  the  six  Greenhouse  Gases , Carbon Dioxide is of  most relevance to  the  Steel  Industry . Considerable reduction has been effected by Tata Steel in the carbon dioxide emission rate, as is evident when the credit for slag granulation is taken into account. Other   Greenhouse Gas emissions do not result from TATA STEEL. It makes sulphuric acid from coke oven gas by desulphurization process and has proved to be capable of reducing sulphur dioxide emissions. Hydrogen sulphide is separated from coke oven gas and then it is converted into sulphuric acid. Tata Steel treats 130,000 cum of coke oven gas per hour , thus not only reducing emissions and  producing  18,800  tons of  concentrated sulphuric acid (98%) as well as 43,860 tons of steam (5.2 MPa) every year. Methanol is also produced from coke oven gas with the world’s leading gas conversion technology. Intellectual property rights are used in methanol production. The process technology possess the features of a simple process flow, little investment, high production efficiency, high product added value, energy conservation, environmental friendly, convenient operation and good economic performance.: Global Warming, is a term denoting the accelerated warming of the Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic (human activity-related) releases of greenhouse gases due to industrial activity and deforestation.: The greenhouse effect refers to the way in which gases in the Earth’s atmosphere warm the Earth like the glass roof of a greenhouse by letting sunlight in but keeping the reflected heat energy trapped inside. These naturally occurring gases, notably carbon dioxide and water vapour, are called greenhouse gases.Apart from this water  from  steel making  process is being treated with best available physio-chemical methods  as well as  being  recycled . Waste water from the coke plant is treated biologically where organic pollutants are oxidized and decomposed by micro organisms. The company has reduced the levels of total pollutant discharge in waste water streams from 0.211 in 1999-2000 to 0.178 in 2003-04. Thus effluent management is effectively done by TATA STEELGreenhouse Gases are one of the major constituents for environment pollution .Of  the  six  Greenhouse  Gases , Carbon Dioxide is of  most relevance to  the  Steel  Industry . Considerable reduction has been effected by Tata Steel in the carbon dioxide emission rate, as is evident when the credit for slag granulation is taken into account. Other   Greenhouse Gas emissions do not result from TATA STEEL. It makes sulphuric acid from coke oven gas by desulphurization process and has proved to be capable of reducing sulphur dioxide emissions. Hydrogen sulphide is separated from coke oven gas and then it is converted into sulphuric acid. Tata Steel treats 130,000 cum of coke oven gas per hour , thus not only reducing emissions and  producing  18,800  tons of  concentrated sulphuric acid (98%) as well as 43,860 tons of steam (5.2 MPa) every year. Methanol is also produced from coke oven gas with the world’s leading gas conversion technology. Intellectual property rights are used in methanol production. The process technology possess the features of a simple process flow, little investment, high production efficiency, high product added value, energy conservation, environmental friendly, convenient operation and good economic performance.

CONCLUSION  : Environmental  pollution  takes  place  through  changes  in  energy  patterns , radiation  levels  , chemical  and  physical  constitutions and  abundance of  organisms. Pollution befouls  the  air  and  poisons  fish  and  other   aquatic  animals  in  rivers and  lakes. It can cause extreme damage to the health of human beings, plants and animals. ‘The threats of pollution are real. Their economic consequences are real. Their   health consequences are real. There are sufficient data to make strong cases based on   facts’. Unless otherwise checked, pollution could make the whole planet uninhabitable. Rapid  industrialization  results  in  deterioration  of  the  quality  of  air , water  and  soil  pollution. All forms of industrial wastes should be properly treated as an essential    component of CORPORATE SOCIAL REPONSIBILITY OF EACH AND  EVERY  INDUSTRY , or recycled , or reused to save the  environment. CSR is thus innate  in  chemical industries as they perform the Herculean task of waste  management and  therefore  are  leaders and pathfinders where  the  question of  pollution comes in, and  thus  are in a  way  saviors of  this  endangered  MOTHER  EARTH .

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The UK has not a written constitution, nor a Bill of Rights; but it is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and it has incorporated into its law by the Human Rights Act 1988 the European Convention on Human Rights, Articles 10 & 11 of which set out the general freedom to protest and demonstrate -to gather to express a collective viewpoint.

These freedoms are subject to not being exercised for unlawful purposes or in unlawful ways contained mainly in such laws of England as the Public Order Acts 1936 & 1986 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.

Under Public Order Act 1936 it is an offence for people to meet only if within a mile of the Houses of the Parliament when the Parliament is sitting, in numbers more than fifty; and the Department of the Environment has considered whether to continue to allow in Hyde Park and at Trafalgar Square public meetings.

The right of assembly is subject to giving written notice of it to the police stating the date and time, the route, and the name and address of the organiser. The police may, if it considers that a public meeting may cause serious disorder or serious damage to property or serious disruption of the life of the community, make public meetings subject to conditions in respect of the venue and the duration of them and the maximum numbers that may meet and the route -they may dictate them; or they may ban public meetings, and in Kent -v- Metropolitan Police Commissioner 1981 (a wedding procession) the Court, although it considered the reasons of the police to be meagre, it could not overturn it unless, s. 12 Public Order Act 1986, they had not given any reason at all.

The Public Order Act 1936 prohibited the wearing of political uniforms publicly if not for a ceremonial or special occasion, s. 1 Public Order Act 1986 also prohibits that if for the purpose of promoting any political object, and O’Moran -v- DPP 1975 was about the IRA.

The former Act made it an offence to use abusive or threatening language in public meetings; in the latter s. 3 is about ‘affray’ referring to violence as being that which would cause a person of reasonable courage to fear for his safety, s. 2 is ‘violent disorder’ if affray by three or more together, s. 5 is ‘riot’ if affray by twelve or more persons together, under the Criminal Justice Act 1994 ‘raves’ is organising a rave after having been ordered to disperse, and ‘aggravated trespass’ is disrupting others’ lawful pursuits on private land.

There have been interest groups for the protection and betterment of human assembly rights, and now British Courts also can deal with alleged breaches of those rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 –which allows also to pursue them in the European Human Rights Court.

But, that the former Public Order Act resulted from the British Fascist Party’s attacks, and that O’Moran was in relation to terrorism and that there are exceptions and expectations of Britain by Europe, reasonably rules out concern over the exercise of these rights in England lawfully.

The above are an outline and while laws change may be basically a useful guideline about protests and demonstrations.

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By:  H.A. Yahya, Professor of Sociology

 This state is not unique for Muslim faith, religion through history was (and still is)  a force to stabilize cultures, as a force for hostility toward others. European wars were incited by religion. That’s in theory, the west perceptions of Islam is that Islam induce suicide bombing culture, which is not true. The issue of martyrdom  is different from suicide bombers, and  Muslims have a difficulty to distinguish between the two in recent years to satisfy the new world order and its leading force, the USA, especially after September 11.  where human rights and democracy were put in the back seat.

 Need hierarchy motivates people change according to their perceived needs. Lower-order needs (such as food and shelter and of course democracy) are more important motivators and must be mostly filled before needs for peer acceptance and self-actualization become powerful motivators.

 I believe that not making cultural adjustment is usually a mistake. However,  the culture allows foreigners more latitude than it does to its own citizens. In such cases, less adjustment is necessary. As for western values, little adjustment is necessary but difficult to apply. What may help in this case, is  a core state plays the representative of western power to incite cultural changes, such a state is expected to be Muslim country with western thought.     

 Associations and organizations should have goals, and processes to make itself for the benefits of Muslims, as the Jewish associations. The Jews are far ahead on any other religion, in taking care of Jews anywhere on Earth. No other religion followers resemble them in management and leadership. And I believe, they should be commended for their successful efforts.

The idea of intellectuals and secularists is very dangerous one to the theologians in every religion. In the Jewish faith, in the Christian faith, and in the Islamic faith. They all share intolerance, lack of Judgment and ignorance of ideas might unite between them. Politics is riding almost all followers of the three mentioned religions. Their followers anywhere are drugged by the teachings of their clergy men, as they are the only followers of God who will open his paradise for them and denies other religions from Heaven, but to expel them in Hell.

In Christian faith, Jesus Image in one church, is different from other churches.  Catholic beliefs are different from those of Protestant beliefs. And both are misused by the Old Testament, or the New one.   

In the Jewish faith, however, it took a very different direction, Jews have understood early the power of mind, through Espinoza, Marx, and Durkheim, to control circumstances of the modern world through Psychology, Medicine, Audio-visual Media, Press,  and attorneys at law, in addition to business finance and banking were the means to control people.  These fields were observed, as controlled in the United States by Jews. Psychology departments and tests writings, have changed the negative image of Jews in America after the 1940s and the Holocaust.  Politically they supported those who may support Jewish goals, such as creating and supporting the State of Israel. They were very successful in that field. Most Americans follow blindly this direction and support Israel financially and materially through arms weaponry and advanced technology.

Both Christian and Jewish faiths were united early as Judeo-Christian faith to stand opposing the religion of Islam.  Muslims are not less in their position from other religions. All religions share conflict with the other. And none is proved true in their allegations. But as I see it, there should be a conciliation or normalization by reciprocal recognition between religions to reduce the tension among their followers worldwide. Exchanged misconceptions about each other may close the gap between religions in terms of human rights and Democracy. If we forget the false assumption about Muslim terrorists perception. (644 words)       

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 Juneteenth is a celebration of freedom, commemorating the announcement of the abolition of slavery in the State of Texas in 1865. “While that is certainly cause for celebration,” said Gracia Bennish, President of UHR, “The truth is that many persons remain enslaved in America today.” 

 Human trafficking is the third most lucrative illicit activity in the world, under only drug and arms dealing. In the United States, it is estimated some 17,500 to 20,000 victims are trafficked annually.  Florida ranks third in the nation in human trafficking, with victims forced to work in prostitution, pornography and used as slave labor.

 UHR is dedicated to implementing the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights at local, regional, national and international levels to educate individuals on their human rights.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948 to provide a foundation for human rights the world over. It defines 30 rights to which everyone, in any country on Earth, is entitled, including Article #4 – “No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.”

 Juneteenth was commemorated this year in Campbell Park in South St. Petersburg and featured entertainment, African drum making and head wrapping for children, food, and other activities. United for Human Rights had an information table where volunteers provided informational booklets and DVDs.

 About United for Human Rights (UHR)

 United for Human Rights provides educational materials to raise public awareness of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.  The uniqueness of UHR’s program lies in its educational materials created in collaboration with the Human Rights Department of the Church of Scientology International.  UHR’s materials include audio-video public service announcements and a video entitled “The Story of Human Rights”. The material is used in schools, churches, and various civic groups to educate children and adults so that they understand their human rights, and, armed with that knowledge, work to implement and protect those rights.

 As humanitarian L. Ron Hubbard stated, “Human rights must be made a fact, not an idealistic dream.”

 UHR supports the work of all human rights organizations and encourages them to unite toward the implementation of the Universal Declaration.  Surveys have found that most people have only a limited understanding of human rights, thus UHR developed its educational programs and materials to combat this lack of understanding.  UHR also supports governmental and legislative measures that advance the full implementation of the Declaration.

 For more info visit: www.humanrights.com 

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Within the last 15 years or so, a polarizing effect has occurred moving news organizations to align themselves with either democratic or republican party interests. In so doing, their reporting has been biased at best and alienated certain viewer segments for the sake of satisfying what appears to be a personal political agenda. Thus, viewers on both sides (Republican and Democrat) are left with only rhetoric and commentary to size up current events.

Gone are the days of hard hitting investigative reporting.

Take Ken Silverstein for instance who was an investigative journalist and while undercover, approached powerful Washington lobbying groups as a representative seeking support for the country of Turkmenistan, which happened to have a horrible human rights record, looking to gain favor with the United States government in seeking favorable legislation. The less than patriotic lobbyists were glad to oblige and took his money. His expose was published in Harpers magazine, which was a blockbuster as far as the readers were concerned, however spurned by other journalists because his methods were seen as – deceptive?  

Hmmm, a man from an oppressive foreign nation approaches American lobbyists with money to burn looking to gain access and favor with American politicians and the reporter is shunned by his peers for deceptive practices?

Investigative news reporting has been mitigated and repackaged to debate spun news programs with hosts and a panel of experts as opposed to on the ground fact finding. This most notably occurs within the cable news network environments, which even despite the lower percentage of viewers tuning in for news overall, have managed capture the lions share of the market overtaking local news affiliates.

Apparently the media watchdog only barks at certain crooks while others get a pass.

The average commentator or reporter is not the problem; however lies with the editors, producers, and owners of the news organizations who have compromised their professionalism for advancing political beliefs and set the tone for how and what information will be conveyed. Of course this would be denied by them, but the average Joe knows where to get his news based upon his own political direction. To support my point, chances are if you’re a democrat you’ll tune in to CNN or MSNBC, however if you’re a Republican, Fox news is probably you’re source of news. No surprises here.

The problem this creates for the average individual is that its human nature on certain levels to seek confirmation of our beliefs by like-minded individuals, which gives us a sense of acceptance within society. In so doing, we will choose that one news media outlet over the other just to confirm that we are indeed correct for thinking the way that we do. The problem then becomes cyclical in that his/her source of news information suppresses or under reports the very information that may contradict his/her political views. In so doing, you are only getting half the truth but satisfied nonetheless because your beliefs are confirmed.

It would seem that news media outlets have tossed a veil over their once bright spotlights – too much light on any given issue could be a bad thing especially if your own political underpinnings become visible.

There are possibly hundreds of political scandals taking place as you read this and for the most part are left unchecked and unchallenged by the news media. No doubt, you may likely turn the news on to find “discussions” taking place with the likes of Bill O’Reilly and Chris Matthews, however are most likely a magnified political hit job; void of any fact or investigative findings. It is apparent that news reporting agencies have left “the ground” for the safer confines enjoyed within the walls of their studios.

When we got hit on 9/11 we soon found that our intelligence was inefficient in that we relied upon satellites and computers for intelligence gathering as opposed to having feet and eyes on the ground watching our enemies. Thus, we had to quickly reconfigure and realign our methods for gathering intelligence if we were to have any chance in reducing the threats of terrorism. So too would be the case for news reporting in today’s environment in  that uncertainty is growing rampant as it relates to our economy.

The spiraling economy has piqued the emotions of many in terms of finding out “what went wrong and who is to blame” and second “what is being done about it.” The “what is being done about it” is pivotal in that it has immediate impacts in all of our lives, however is not fully being exposed but rather presented only in the grey shades of political hide and seek.

People trust their good senses and know when something isn’t fully exposed at which times survival skills and instinct prevails.

The fact that the government who has just given 0 Billion to big business, but has not delivered on its promise of transparency in who is receiving this money and why, exemplifies the weakness and inability of main stream media news to be an effective watchdog in today’s society.

We viewers create the advertising dollars through the products we purchase from their advertisers and like any organization faced with a business decision will not throw good money after bad if ratings continue to decline.

When the checks stop coming in, mainstream media news may make an honest attempt to satisfy the viewer and look out for society’s best interest, but at that point will they have lost all credibility and simply be regarded as political mouthpieces?

Any move to the center by a news organization would undoubtedly be a painful process. It would involve a blind eye to ones political dogma and the courage to ask some tough questions to some tough people. However, the payoff would be a dominant viewer market share knowing that the majority of the US population is comprised of honest and hard working Americans who always cheers for the good guy especially when they catch the crook red-handed.

Reporter: “Senator, why are you supporting A when you campaigned on B – this is very odd? Why are you voting against your constituents wishes? Have you been compromised? Do you stand to personally gain from this? Is money involved?”

Senator: ”Um ….no comment”

Reporter: “That’s the news folks, goodnight.”

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To what extent are the September 11 attacks in the US symptomatic of more pervasive ideological undercurrents in the Muslim world today? Obviously, not all social or political frustrations lead to the use of violence. While national liberation movements often resort to violence, the recent attacks are set apart from such movements. The perpetrators did not seem to be acting on behalf of an ethnic group or nation. They presented no specific territorial claims or political agenda, and were not keen to claim responsibility for their acts. One can speculate that the perpetrators’ list of grievances included persistent Israeli abuses of Palestinians, near-daily bombings of Iraq and the presence of American troops in the Gulf, but the fact remains that the attacks were not followed by a list of demands or even a set of articulated goals. The attacks exhibit a profound sense of frustration and extreme despair, rather than a struggle to achieve clear-cut objectives.
Some commentators have viewed the underpinnings of the recent attacks as part of a “clash of civilizations” between Western values and Islamic culture. According to these commentators, the issue is not religious fundamentalism or political Islam, but an essential conflict between competing visions of morality and ethics. From this perspective, it is hardly surprising that the terrorists do not present concrete demands, do not have specific territorial objectives and do not rush to take responsibility. The September 11 attacks aimed to strike at the symbols of Western civilization, and to challenge its perceived hegemony, in the hope of empowering and reinvigorating Islamic civilization.
The “clash of civilizations” approach assumes, in deeply prejudiced fashion, that Puritanism and terrorism are somehow authentic expressions of the predominant values of the Islamic tradition, and hence is a dangerous interpretation of the present moment. But the common responses to this interpretation, focusing on either the crisis of identity or acute social frustration in the Muslim world, do not adequately explain the theological positions adopted by radical Islamist groups, or how extreme violence can be legitimated in the modern age. Further, none of these perspectives engage the classical tradition in Islamic thought regarding the employment of political violence, and how contemporary Muslims reconstruct the classical tradition. How might the classical or contemporary doctrines of Islamic theology contribute to the use of terrorism by modern Islamic movements?

By the eleventh century, Muslim jurists had developed a sophisticated discourse on the proper limits on the conduct of warfare, political violence and terrorism. The Qur’an exhorted Muslims in general terms to perform jihad by waging war against their enemies. The Qur’anic prescriptions simply call upon Muslims to fight in the way of God, establish justice and refrain from exceeding the limits of justice in fighting their enemies. Muslim jurists, reflecting their historical circumstances and context, tended to divide the world into three conceptual categories: the abode of Islam, the abode of war and the abode of peace or non-belligerence. These were not clear or precise categories, but generally they connoted territories belonging to Muslims, territories belonging to enemies and territories considered neutral or non-hostile for one reason or another. But Muslim jurists could not agree on exactly how to define the abode of Muslims versus the abode of others, especially when sectarian divisions within Islam were involved, and when dealing with conquered Muslim territories or territories where sizable Muslim minorities resided. Furthermore, Muslim jurists disagreed on the legal cause for fighting non-Muslims. Some contended that non-Muslims are to be fought because they are infidels, while the majority argued that non-Muslims should be fought only if they pose a danger to Muslims. The majority of early jurists argued that a treaty of non-aggression between Muslims and non-Muslims ought to be limited to a ten-year term. Nonetheless, after the tenth century an increasing number of jurists argued that such treaties could be renewed indefinitely, or be of permanent or indefinite duration.
Importantly, Muslim jurists did not focus on the idea of just cause for war. Other than emphasizing that if Muslim territory is attacked, Muslims must fight back, the jurists seemed to relegate the decision to make war or peace to political authorities. There is a considerable body of legal writing prohibiting Muslim rulers from violating treaties, indulging in treachery or attacking an enemy without first giving notice, but the literature on the conditions that warrant a jihad is sparse. It is not that the classical jurists believed that war is always justified or appropriate; rather, they seemed to assume that the decision to wage war is fundamentally political. However, the methods of war were the subject of a substantial jurisprudential discourse.
Building upon the proscriptions of the Prophet Muhammad (SWS), Muslim jurists insisted that there are legal restrictions upon the conduct of war. In general, Muslim armies may not kill women, children, seniors, hermits, pacifists, peasants or slaves unless they are combatants. Vegetation and property may not be destroyed, water holes may not be poisoned, and flame-throwers may not be used unless out of necessity, and even then only to a limited extent. Torture, mutilation and murder of hostages were forbidden under all circumstances. Importantly, the classical jurists reached these determinations not simply as a matter of textual interpretation, but as moral or ethical assertions. The classical jurists spoke from the vantage point of a moral civilization, in other words, from a perspective that betrayed a strong sense of confidence in the normative message of Islam. In contrast to their pragmatism regarding whether a war should be waged, the classical jurists accepted the necessity of moral constraints upon the way war is conducted.

Muslim jurists exhibited a remarkable tolerance toward the idea of political rebellion. Because of historical circumstances in the first three centuries of Islam, Muslim jurists, in principle, prohibited rebellions even against unjust rulers. At the same time, they refused to give the government unfettered discretion against rebels. The classical jurists argued that the law of God prohibited the execution of rebels or needless destruction or confiscation of their property. Rebels should not be tortured or even imprisoned if they take an oath promising to abandon their rebellion. Most importantly, according to the majority point of view, rebellion, for a plausible cause, is not a sin or moral infraction, but merely a political wrong because of the chaos and civil strife that result. This approach effectively made political rebellion a civil, and not a religious, infraction.
The classical juristic approach to terrorism was quite different. Since the very first century of Islam, Muslims suffered from extremist theologies that not only rejected the political institutions of the Islamic empire, but also refused to concede legitimacy to the juristic class. Although not organized in a church or a single institutional structure, the juristic class in Islam had clear and distinctive insignia of investiture. They attended particular colleges, received training in a particular methodology of juristic inquiry, and developed a specialized technical language, the mastery of which became the gateway to inclusion.
Significantly, the juristic class engaged as a rule in discussion and debate. On each point of law, there are ten different opinions and a considerable amount of debate among the various legal schools of thought. Various puritan theological movements in Islamic history resolutely rejected this juristic tradition, which reveled in indeterminacy. The hallmark of these puritan movements was an intolerant theology displaying extreme hostility not only to non-Muslims but also to Muslims who belonged to different schools of thought or even remained neutral. These movements considered opponents and indifferent Muslims to have exited the fold of Islam, and therefore legitimate targets of violence. These groups’ preferred methods of violence were stealth attacks and the dissemination of terror in the general population.
Muslim jurists reacted sharply to these groups, considering them enemies of humankind. They were designated as muharibs (literally, those who fight society). A muharib was defined as someone who attacks defenseless victims by stealth, and spreads terror in society. They were not to be given quarter or refuge by anyone or at any place. In fact, Muslim jurists argued that any Muslim or non-Muslim territory sheltering such a group is hostile territory that may be attacked by the mainstream Islamic forces. Although the classical jurists agreed on the definition of a muharib, they disagreed about which types of criminal acts should be considered crimes of terror. Many jurists classified rape, armed robbery, assassinations, arson and murder by poisoning as crimes of terror and argued that such crimes must be punished vigorously regardless of the motivations of the criminal. Most importantly, these doctrines were asserted as religious imperatives. Regardless of the desired goals or ideological justifications, the terrorizing of the defenseless was recognized as a moral wrong and an offense against society and God.

It is often stated that terrorism is the weapon of the weak. Notably, classical juristic discourse was developed when Islamic civilization was supreme, and this supremacy was reflected in the benevolent attitude of the juristic class. Pre-modern Muslim juristic discourses navigated a course between principled thinking and real-life pragmatic concerns and demands. Ultimately, these jurists spoke with a sense of urgency, but not desperation. Power and political supremacy were not their sole pursuits.
Much has changed in the modern age. Islamic civilization has crumbled, and the traditional institutions that once sustained the juristic discourse have all but vanished. The moral foundations that once mapped out Islamic law and theology have disintegrated, leaving an unsettling vacuum. More to the point, the juristic discourses on tolerance towards rebellion and hostility to the use of terror are no longer part of the normative categories of contemporary Muslims. Contemporary Muslim discourses either give lip service to the classical doctrines without a sense of commitment or ignore and neglect them all together.
There are many factors that contributed to this modern reality. Among the pertinent factors is the undeniably traumatic experience of colonialism, which dismantled the traditional institutions of civil society. The emergence of highly centralized, despotic and often corrupt governments, and the nationalization of the institutions of religious learning undermined the mediating role of jurists in Muslim societies. Nearly all charitable religious endowments became state-controlled entities, and Muslim jurists in most Muslim nations became salaried state employees, effectively transforming them into what may be called “court priests.” The establishment of the state of Israel, the expulsion of the Palestinians and the persistent military conflicts in which Arab states suffered heavy losses all contributed to a widespread siege mentality and a highly polarized and belligerent political discourse. Perhaps most importantly, Western cultural symbols, modes of production and social values aggressively penetrated the Muslim world, seriously challenging inherited values and practices, and adding to a profound sense of alienation.
Two developments became particularly relevant to the withering away of Islamic jurisprudence. Most Muslim nations experienced the wholesale borrowing of civil law concepts. Instead of the dialectical and indeterminate methodology of traditional Islamic jurisprudence, Muslim nations opted for more centralized and often code-based systems of law. Even Muslim modernists who attempted to reform Islamic jurisprudence were heavily influenced by the civil law system, and sought to resist the fluidity of Islamic law and increase its unitary and centralized character. Not only were the concepts of law heavily influenced by the European legal tradition, the ideologies of resistance employed by Muslims were laden with Third World notions of national liberation and self-determination. For instance, modern nationalistic thought exercised a greater influence on the resistance ideologies of Muslim and Arab national liberation movements than anything in the Islamic tradition. The Islamic tradition was reconstructed to fit Third World nationalistic ideologies of anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism rather than the other way around.
While national liberation movements — such as the Palestinian, Kashmiri or Algerian resistance — resorted to guerrilla or non-conventional warfare, modern day terrorism of the variety promoted by Osama bin Laden is rooted in a different ideological paradigm. There is little doubt that organizations such as the Jihad, al-Qaeda, Hizb al-Tahrir and Jama’at al-Muslimin were influenced by national liberation and anti-colonialist ideologies, but they have anchored themselves in a theology that can be described as puritan, supremacist and thoroughly opportunistic. This theology is the byproduct of the emergence and eventual dominance of Wahhabism, Salafism and apologetic discourses in modern Islam.

The foundations of Wahhabi theology were put in place by the eighteenth-century evangelist Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab in the Arabian Peninsula. With a puritanical zeal, ‘Abd al-Wahhab sought to rid Islam of corruptions that he believed had crept into the religion. Wahhabism resisted the indeterminacy of the modern age by escaping to a strict literalism in which the text became the sole source of legitimacy. In this context, Wahhabism exhibited extreme hostility to intellectualism, mysticism and any sectarian divisions within Islam. The Wahhabi creed also considered any form of moral thought that was not entirely dependent on the text as a form of self-idolatry, and treated humanistic fields of knowledge, especially philosophy, as “the sciences of the devil.” According to the Wahhabi creed, it was imperative to return to a presumed pristine, simple and straightforward Islam, which could be entirely reclaimed by literal implementation of the commands of the Prophet(PBUH), and by strict adherence to correct ritual practice. Importantly, Wahhabism rejected any attempt to interpret the divine law from a historical, contextual perspective, and treated the vast majority of Islamic history as a corruption of the true and authentic Islam. The classical jurisprudential tradition was considered at best to be mere sophistry. Wahhabism became very intolerant of the long-established Islamic practice of considering a variety of schools of thought to be equally orthodox. Orthodoxy was narrowly defined, and ‘Abd al-Wahhab himself was fond of creating long lists of beliefs and acts which he considered hypocritical, the adoption or commission of which immediately rendered a Muslim an unbeliever.
In the late eighteenth century, the Al Sa’ud family united with the Wahhabi movement and rebelled against Ottoman rule in Arabia. Egyptian forces quashed this rebellion in 1818. Nevertheless, Wahhabi ideology was resuscitated in the early twentieth century under the leadership of ‘Abd al-’Aziz ibn Sa’ud who allied himself with the tribes of Najd, in the beginnings of what would become Saudi Arabia. The Wahhabi rebellions of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were very bloody because the Wahhabis indiscriminately slaughtered and terrorized Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Mainstream jurists writing at the time, such as the Hanafi Ibn ‘Abidin and the Maliki al-Sawi, described the Wahhabis as a fanatic fringe group.

Nevertheless, Wahhabism survived and, in fact, thrived in contemporary Islam for several reasons. By treating Muslim Ottoman rule as a foreign occupying power, Wahhabism set a powerful precedent for notions of Arab self-determination and autonomy. In advocating a return to the pristine and pure origins of Islam, Wahhabism rejected the cumulative weight of historical baggage. This idea was intuitively liberating for Muslim reformers since it meant the rebirth of ijtihad, or the return to de novo examination and determination of legal issues unencumbered by the accretions of precedents and inherited doctrines. Most importantly, the discovery and exploitation of oil provided Saudi Arabia with high liquidity. Especially after 1975, with the sharp rise in oil prices, Saudi Arabia aggressively promoted Wahhabi thought around the Muslim world. Even a cursory examination of predominant ideas and practices reveals the widespread influence of Wahhabi thought on the Muslim world today.
But Wahhabism did not spread in the modern Muslim world under its own banner. Even the term “Wahhabism” is considered derogatory by its adherents, since Wahhabis prefer to see themselves as the representatives of Islamic orthodoxy. To them, Wahhabism is not a school of thought within Islam, but is Islam. The fact that Wahhabism rejected a label gave it a diffuse quality, making many of its doctrines and methodologies eminently transferable. Wahhabi thought exercised its greatest influence not under its own label, but under the rubric of Salafism. In their literature, Wahhabi clerics have consistently described themselves as Salafis, and not Wahhabis.

Salafism is a creed founded in the late nineteenth century by Muslim reformers such as Muhammad ‘Abduh, al-Afghani and Rashid Rida. Salafism appealed to a very basic concept in Islam: Muslims ought to follow the precedent of the Prophet and his companions (al-salaf al-salih). Methodologically, Salafism was nearly identical to Wahhabism except that Wahhabism is far less tolerant of diversity and differences of opinion. The founders of Salafism maintained that on all issues Muslims ought to return to the Qur’an and the sunna (precedent) of the Prophet. In doing so, Muslims ought to reinterpret the original sources in light of modern needs and demands, without being slavishly bound to the interpretations of earlier Muslim generations.
As originally conceived, Salafism was not necessarily anti-intellectual, but like Wahhabism, it did tend to be uninterested in history. By emphasizing a presumed golden age in Islam, the adherents of Salafism idealized the time of the Prophet and his companions, and ignored or demonized the balance of Islamic history. By rejecting juristic precedents and undervaluing tradition, Salafism adopted a form of egalitarianism that deconstructed any notions of established authority within Islam. Effectively, anyone was considered qualified to return to the original sources and speak for the divine will. By liberating Muslims from the tradition of the jurists, Salafism contributed to a real vacuum of authority in contemporary Islam. Importantly, Salafism was founded by Muslim nationalists who were eager to read the values of modernism into the original sources of Islam. Hence, Salafism was not necessarily anti-Western. In fact, its founders strove to project contemporary institutions such as democracy, constitutions or socialism into the foundational texts, and to justify the modern nation-state within Islam.
The liberal age of Salafism came to an end in the 1960s. After 1975, Wahhabism was able to rid itself of its extreme intolerance, and proceeded to coopt Salafism until the two became practically indistinguishable. Both theologies imagined a golden age within Islam, entailing a belief in a historical utopia that can be reproduced in contemporary Islam. Both remained uninterested in critical historical inquiry and responded to the challenge of modernity by escaping to the secure haven of the text. Both advocated a form of egalitarianism and anti-elitism to the point that they came to consider intellectualism and rational moral insight to be inaccessible and, thus, corruptions of the purity of the Islamic message. Wahhabism and Salafism were beset with contradictions that made them simultaneously idealistic and pragmatic and infested both creeds (especially in the 1980s and 1990s) with a kind of supremacist thinking that prevails until today.
The predominant intellectual response to the challenge of modernity in Islam has been apologetics. Apologetics consisted of an effort by a large number of commentators to defend the Islamic system of beliefs from the onslaught of Orientalism, Westernization and modernity by simultaneously emphasizing the compatibility and supremacy of Islam. Apologists responded to the intellectual challenges coming from the West by adopting pietistic fictions about the Islamic traditions. Such fictions eschewed any critical evaluation of Islamic doctrines, and celebrated the presumed perfection of Islam. A common apologist argument was that any meritorious or worthwhile modern institution was first invented by Muslims. According to the apologists, Islam liberated women, created a democracy, endorsed pluralism, protected human rights and guaranteed social security long before these institutions ever existed in the West. These concepts were not asserted out of critical understanding or ideological commitment, but primarily as a means of resisting Western hegemony and affirming self-worth. The main effect of apologetics, however, was to contribute to a sense of intellectual self-sufficiency that often descended into moral arrogance. To the extent that apologetics were habit-forming, it produced a culture that eschewed self-critical and introspective insight, and embraced the projection of blame and a fantasy-like level of confidence.
In many ways, the apologetic response was fundamentally centered on power. Its main purpose was not to integrate particular values within Islamic culture, but to empower Islam against its civilizational rival. Muslim apologetics tended to be opportunistic and rather unprincipled, and, in fact, they lent support to the tendency among many intellectuals and activists to give precedence to the logic of pragmatism over any other competing demands. Invoking the logic of necessity or public interest to justify courses of action, at the expense of moral imperatives, became common practice. Effectively, apologists got into the habit of paying homage to the presumed superiority of the Islamic tradition, but marginalized this idealistic image in everyday life.
Post-1970s Salafism adopted many of the premises of the apologetic discourse, but it also took these premises to their logical extreme. Instead of simple apologetics, Salafism responded to feelings of powerlessness and defeat with uncompromising and arrogant symbolic displays of power, not only against non-Muslims, but also against Muslim women. Fundamentally, Salafism, which by the 1970s had become a virulent puritan theology, further anchored itself in the confident security of texts. Nonetheless, contrary to the assertions of its proponents, Salafism did not necessarily pursue objective or balanced interpretations of Islamic texts, but primarily projected its own frustrations and aspirations upon the text. Its proponents no longer concerned themselves with coopting or claiming Western institutions as their own, but defined Islam as the exact antithesis of the West, under the guise of reclaiming the true and real Islam. Whatever the West was perceived to be, Islam was understood to be the exact opposite.

Of course, neither Wahhabism nor Salafism is represented by some formal institution. They are theological orientations and not structured schools of thought. Nevertheless, the lapsing and bonding of the theologies of Wahhabism and Salafism produced a contemporary orientation that is anchored in profound feelings of defeat, frustration and alienation, not only from modern institutions of power, but also from the Islamic heritage and tradition. The outcome of the apologist, Wahhabi and Salafi legacies is a supremacist puritanism that compensates for feelings of defeat, disempowerment and alienation with a distinct sense of self-righteous arrogance vis-à-vis the nondescript “other” — whether the other is the West, non-believers in general or even Muslims of a different sect and Muslim women. In this sense, it is accurate to describe this widespread modern trend as supremacist, for it sees the world from the perspective of stations of merit and extreme polarization.
In the wake of the September 11 attacks, several commentators posed the question of whether Islam somehow encourages violence and terrorism. Some commentators argued that the Islamic concept of jihad or the notion of the dar al-harb (the abode of war) is to blame for the contemporary violence. These arguments are anachronistic and Orientalist. They project Western categories and historical experiences upon a situation that is very particular and fairly complex. One can easily locate an ethical discourse within the Islamic tradition that is uncompromisingly hostile to acts of terrorism. One can also locate a discourse that is tolerant toward the other, and mindful of the dignity and worth of all human beings. But one must also come to terms with the fact that supremacist puritanism in contemporary Islam is dismissive of all moral norms or ethical values, regardless of the identity of their origins or foundations. The prime and nearly singular concern is power and its symbols. Somehow, all other values are made subservient. <!– / message –>

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The Code provides that every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to employment without being discriminated against because of the person’s race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, age, record of offences, marital status, family status or handicap.

This right to equal treatment with respect to employment refers to all aspects of employment, including the hiring process. In fact, the Code specifically prohibits discrimination in regards to employment advertising, employment application forms and any employment interviews. Employers who are not careful with respect to their hiring process may be liable for violations of the Code and, as a result, may be forced to pay compensation to a prospective employee for lost earnings or job opportunities and even damages for mental anguish that the prospective employee has suffered.

Set out below are some things to keep in mind when you are planning to hire a new employee.

Advertising

Recruitment is often the first step in the hiring process and advertising, whether in the newspaper, a trade journal or even on a billboard (recruitment method employers often use). A well designed advertisement can attract qualified candidates while, at the same time, discourage unqualified candidates. However, advertisements that attempt to screen or restrict candidates, or otherwise suggest a preference for a certain type of candidate, on a basis that is discriminatory are unlawful and can expose the employer to liability.

It is important when designing an advertisement to use language that is not discriminatory, but gender-neutral and inclusive. Below are some examples of discriminatory language:

an advertisement that states that the employer is looking for “young and ambitious” candidates rather than simply “ambitious”

an employer looking “for a qualified man” to fill the position rather than a “qualified candidate”

an advertisement for a “junior employee” rather than for someone to fill a “junior position”

an opening for a person whose “first language is English” rather than someone who is “English speaking”

searching for an “able-bodied worker”

Where the advert is placed is also an important consideration. It is better to place an advert in a place where a broad range of qualified candidates will have access to it rather than a place where only a limited segment of the population can see it. For example, posting an advert only in the men’s washroom at a golf and country club may be seen as discriminatory.

Employment agencies are also bound by the Code and employers can not use agencies to filter out applicants based on a discriminatory ground.

Applications

Questions on an employment application form must not be designed in a way that would directly or indirectly elicit information about an applicant that relates to one of the grounds protected from discrimination. For example, questions in a job application that relate to a person’s race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, age, record of offences, marital status, family status or handicap can be seen as discriminatory.

Some examples of discriminatory questions on an employment application are:

questions about a person’s race or colour

asking the person’s age

questions about the applicant’s place of birth or nationality

questions about a person’s sexual orientation

asking an applicant whether they are married, divorced or single or have child-care responsibilities

asking whether the applicant has any disabilities or health problems

questions about a person’s religious beliefs or whether they are willing to work on certain days of the week or over certain holidays can be problematic

asking whether the applicant has ever been charged or convicted of a criminal offence – although, interestingly enough, it is permissible to ask if he or she has ever been convicted of a criminal offence for which a pardon has not been granted

If it is necessary to use employment applications in the hiring process, it is prudent to have the application form reviewed by a lawyer to ensure that the questions on the form would not elicit information relating to one of the prohibited grounds.

Employment Interviews

Much like questions on an application, questions asked during an employment interview that are directly or indirectly discriminatory may expose employers to liability. It is, therefore, important for employers to give some thought before an interview to the questions that they are going to ask and, perhaps more importantly, the questions that they are not going to ask.

That being said, the Code permits employers to expand the scope of the questions beyond what is permissible in an employment application. An employer may ask a candidate questions in order to ensure that the candidate is able to do the essential duties of the job. For example, while it is not appropriate to advertise for “able-bodied workers” or to ask about an applicant’s health on a job application form, it is appropriate at the interview stage to determine whether or not a candidate is able to perform the essential duties of the job. Where a person’s disability may affect their ability to do the job, an employer may discuss in a job interview what, if any, accommodation is required to meet the person’s needs and allow them to perform the essential duties of the job. An employer must always be prepared to accommodate a person with a disability provided it does not cause the employer undue hardship.

Whether conducting interviews, designing application forms or advertising for an opening, employers should be aware of their obligations with respect to the Code. After all, an employer is looking for the most qualified candidate, by unlawfully discriminating against a prospective employee an employer may not only be liable to that person for damages, and the employer may miss out on the best candidate for the job.

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Born and raised a Muslim in Syria, Dr. Sultan is one of the co-founders of a group of American activists called Former Muslims United. As the name suggests, the members of FMU are apostates from Islam. Although all of them have left Islam, some remain religious or spiritual, while others do not. The one thing they have in common is that they are afraid that their apostasy will get them killed. They have formed their group in order to ensure that they are protected under the United States Constitution, which guarantees both freedom of and freedom from religion. The laws of America also make it illegal to murder someone because he or she has left his or her religion. Former Muslims United wants to make sure that these laws – and these basic human rights – are respected and that they need not live in the fear felt by millions of Muslims outside of the United States as concerns apostasy.

In this regard, it was my honor to interview Dr. Wafa Sultan about her experiences and her life’s mission. Over the years, she has demonstrated herself to be a fierce warrior for truth, taking on a fanatical ideology that is known to be harsh, brutal and cruel, especially as concerns women. I asked Dr. Sultan about her life as woman in the U.S. as compared to that in her native land, which is predominantly Muslim. Concerning Islamic or sharia law, she replied, “Under Islamic sharia, a woman is not considered a free being. She is mentally unfit to decide her own life.”

Wafa does not describe herself as an atheist; nor is she against religion or spirituality. As she also says, “My simple philosophy is, you have the right to worship a stone, so long as you don’t hit me with it.”

I also asked Dr. Sultan what her message to the American people might be, and she replied with a fourfold answer that included addressing the government, the media, academia and persons involved in interfaith dialogue. She strongly believes that everyone needs to become much better educated as to the nature of Islamic fundamentalism and its restrictions of freedoms that we Americans take for granted. While her instructions to the government require many policy changes, her message to the media is simple: “The media needs to avoid being politically correct, and be forthright in discussing brutal Islamic related news stories.”

As she battles against entrenched “religious” discrimination and brutality, Dr. Wafa Sultan is a true freedom fighter and a champion for the human rights of people worldwide.

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We continue our comments: He says:

As far as Islam is concerned, our aim is not to protect religion against critics based on objective and rational interrogation. It is a fundamental principle in Islam for the believer to always question himself/herself, not only on the way he/she is practicing the Islamic teachings but also how to readapt to any practical circumstances and specific environments. What we are concerned about is the tendency of a new episode of extremist behavior against the adherents of a particular religion who are currently subjects of defamation, incitement to hatred, violence and racial discrimination.
This is not the only matter of national or local concern but it should be seen as a globalized phenomenon which needs to be addressed globally in an effective manner.
At the same time, the OIC is firmly committed to respect for freedom of expression which is a fundamental human rights. The OIC is not looking for limitation or restrictions of this freedom beyond those that already have been set by Articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

I say:

[but they do look to limit and restrict such a freedom in every locality in the Muslim world, the question how can we have freedom without dignity? How can we make the change of perception among future generations of Muslims?]

He says:

The line, the limit between criticism of religions and insult/incitement to hatred should be clarified. Each case should be taken up on its own merits. We have to be sure about what constitutes criticism but not incitement to hatred.

 [I say: Citizenship and nationalist governmental and non-governmental cultural practices against the non-citizen or non-Arab and non-Muslim expatriates shows in every structure of governments of the OIC- no need for examples, but a question: how the poor lives and rear their kids in a society of wolves, protected by governments and organizations? Protesting injustices incite hate, yes! But to whom? Is it against the oppressed or the oppressor? ]

He says:

practices For example, when somebody calls for burning of our holy book Qur`an, can it be considered as mere criticism? When the cemetery tombs of Muslim soldiers who fought for the flag of an European nation and sacrificed their lives are desecrated by extremists and racists, is it criticism of religion or an act of hatred and racism?

 [I say: People when people are angry, can they be blamed for their anger because of injustices and domination, ignorance, by the act of burning USA or Israeli flags, or Qur’an itself or defame the Prophet (PBUH)? Do we ask ourselves, why people hate Muslims dissidents  from Islam, or why a great number of people convert to Islam? What did we do, other than more conferences to look modernized in the eyes of outside non-Muslim societies, while we have the least power compared with a wealthy ignorant Muslim interprets Islam to suite his or her interest?] you may see these powers in the satellite channells, in the education curriculum, in the static religious universities still live in the perceptions of fifteen hundred years ago, which separate a Muslim from other Muslims, not only a Muslim from non-Muslim! These universities, unfortunately are encouraged by governments to dominate the perception of power over people, and to cover their dysfunction of justice, freedom and equality which Islam stands for.]

He says:

We believe that there is no freedom without responsibilities and accountabilities.

[ I say: These words echo the words of the Gulf states and Muslim governments statement to gain power over the critical thinkers when they criticize governmental mis-chiefs and wrong practices. Or call for justices and equality in order to save the status quo handlers. This very point, is a violation of basic human rights for the vague terms: freedom, responsibilities, and accountabilities. These concepts need crystallization in the minds to be understood in a free society, where people carry these terms and respect them. Intellectual Muslims who consider Islam as a great power in maintaining social order and dignity should be concerned in these areas.  These statements and the like, are taken to become under scrutiny among Muslim critical thinkers and non-Muslim, atheist or agnostic, or other religion followers, this I call a challenge to defend Islam not to defend violators of Human Right, I mean power governmental centers. By the way, Islam does not need protection, as many may think, Muslims who are in serious need for it, but, unfortunately they work against it.] (Go to part V)

Hasan Yahya, is an American Arab scholar and writer, a professor of sociology, and a columnist at wfol.tv, Malaysia, and TINA International News Agency, Chicago, USA. www.hasanyahya.com

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HOW TO DEFINE IF YOU ARE RIGHT AND OTHERS ARE NOT?

1. classifying the actions according to the accepted law and moral standards;

2. if the actions of others violate your human rights, – you have the right to fight or to accept the wrong – it’s your choice;

The positive ways of the adequate reaction:

- pointing out that you are aware of the motives or guess what they could be;

- conversing and making the issues public;

- using the formula: ‘talk-write-tell-inform’ or just be silent – your choice.

WHEN CAN YOU AND HAVE THE RIGHT TO FIGHT?

- when others conceal the truth to deprive you of the rights to gain priveleges;

- when others lie deliberately against you;

- when others say you are ‘an obstacle for their lives’ or claim you are ‘nobody- such people are to be deprived of their status of believers, first, and be informed of the appropriate evaluation of their actions;

- when others curse openly and outregeously;

- when others wnat to deprive you of your identity and do not recognize your right to express yourself the way you want and need to, freely;

- when others attacked you, afflicted you and were given the right to privileges, not deserved;

-when others do not do what they are expected to do due to the requirements of their status;

- when you were opperred, humiliated and enslaved and others were given the right to freedom;

- when others were supporting the wrong-doers and still are enjoying the privileges of their a-priori- lost status;

- WHEN YOU FEEL IT’S RIGHT TO BE DONE DUE TO THE STANDARDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL COMMUNITY, LAWS,  MORALITY AND RELIGION.

Ivan Petryshyn Chicago USA-Ukraine 09/13/08 10:41

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